What Is Markovs Inequality

Markov’s inequality is a helpful result in probability that gives information about a probability distribution. The remarkable aspect about it is that the inequality holds for any distribution with positive values, no matter what other features that it has. Markov’s inequality gives an upper bound for the percent of the distribution that is above a particular value. Statement of Markov’s Inequality Markov’s inequality says that for a positive random variable X and any positive real number a, the probability that X is greater than or equal to a is less than or equal to the expected value of X divided by a. The above description can be stated more succinctly using mathematical notation. In symbols, we write Markov’s inequality as: P (X ≠¥ a) ≠¤ E( X) /a Illustration of the Inequality To illustrate the inequality, suppose we have a distribution with nonnegative values (such as a chi-square distribution). If this random variable X has expected value of 3 we will look at probabilities for a few values of a. For a 10 Markov’s inequality says that P (X ≠¥ 10) ≠¤ 3/10 30%. So there is a 30% probability that X is greater than 10.For a 30 Markov’s inequality says that P (X ≠¥ 30) ≠¤ 3/30 10%. So there is a 10% probability that X is greater than 30.For a 3 Markov’s inequality says that P (X ≠¥ 3) ≠¤ 3/3 1. Events with a probability of 1 100% are certain. So this says that some value of the random variable is greater than or equal to 3. This should not be too surprising. If all the values of X were less than 3, then the expected value would also be less than 3.As the value of a increases, the quotient E(X) /a will become smaller and smaller. This means that the probability is very small that X is very, very large. Again, with an expected value of 3, we would not expect there to be much of the distribution with values that were very large. Use of the Inequality If we know more about the distribution that we’re working with, then we can usually improve on Markov’s inequality. The value of using it is that it holds for any distribution with nonnegative values. For example, if we know the mean height of students at an elementary school. Markov’s inequality tells us that no more than one-sixth of the students can have a height greater than six times the mean height. The other major use of Markov’s inequality is to prove Chebyshev’s inequality. This fact results in the name â€Å"Chebyshev’s inequality† being applied to Markov’s inequality as well. The confusion of the naming of the inequalities is also due to historical circumstances. Andrey Markov was the student of Pafnuty Chebyshev. Chebyshev’s work contains the inequality that is attributed to Markov.

Evar From Diagnosis To Treatment Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(38) " was discharged without complication\." This essay will discourse a instance survey about an fanciful patient with AAA. The essay is divided into three chief subdivisions. It will foremost see the patient ‘s history, the initial trials undertaken, the imagination methods used and the result of each phase. We will write a custom essay sample on Evar From Diagnosis To Treatment Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now It will so travel to depict the diagnosing and process of EVAR and in decision I will sum up the chief points. A 68 twelvemonth old male patient with a household history of AAA, who was a tobacco user and had a knee replacing 15 old ages ago, was referred by his GP to hold an X ray of the lumbar spinal column and pelvic girdle. . The clinical grounds for the X ray was that the patient had fallen down the stairs 2 hebdomads before and had a hurting in the lower dorsum and right hip. After warranting the request card and look intoing his inside informations, they did an AP and Lateral of his lumbar and an AP scrutiny of his pelvic girdle. And they sent him back to obtain the consequences from his GP after 10 yearss. The radiotherapist reported his diagnosing on the X raies and sent it back to the GP. There was an rating of the categorization in the venters and a suspected abdominal aortal aneurism. So the GP asked him to go to the surgery to discourse the x-ray consequence, and requested an ultrasound of venters to hold a better consequence and a unsmooth indicant of the internal diameter and a n accurate appraisal.The GP asked him to wait until he received an appointment missive from infirmary. After 4 hebdomads he had his assignment. The clinical indicant was categorization on the lumbar X ray, and a question sing an abdominal aneurism. The rating of the ultrasound scan was an abdominal aortic aneurism which was 4.5 centimeter. The bosom was normal in size. There was no grounds of any important mediastinal mass or lymph node expansion. The kidneys were normal in size. The radiotherapist recommended supervising the patient. He besides sent a study to the patient ‘s GP. Six months subsequently in Dec 2007, he attended his 2nd assignment for an ultrasound scan of his venters. There was a little addition in his aneurism. Therefore, a study was sent once more to his GP. The rating was a 4.7cm aortal aneurism. In April 2008 he had another scan which indicated a 5.2cm aneurism. The GP referred him to the vascular sawbones, because the size had reached an index diameter of 5cm.After four hebdomads he met the sawbones. He reviewed his medical history and discussed the x-ray and ultrasound consequence with him. He besides strongly advised him to discontinue smoke, because tobacco users are about 5 times every bit likely as non-smokers to endure from AAA ( Hafez 2008 ) . In November 2008, the aneurism was 5.6cm and fix was recommended by his sawbones. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.e-radiography.net/radrep/Vascular/Vascular_AAA_US_55mm/Vascular_AAA_US_55_long.jpg Radiological Report: US Abdominal Aorta: The maximal A.P. internal diameter of the abdominal aorta is 5.6 centimeter. Mural thrombus reduces the internal diameter to 2.0cms ( x-ray 2000 ) .A The Vascular sawbones discussed with the patient that he needs a surgery every bit shortly as possible, he besides explained the being of two possible methods of fix and outlined the major hazards and benefits of each. He besides explained the possible complications associated with the process, including the hazard of endovascular leaks, the possibility of secondary intercession and the demand for lifelong follow up ( H. George Burkit 2007 ) . He offered him an EVAR surgery, so he was referred to hold a CT scan with clinical indicant of EVAR 5.6cm in ultrasound scan. A Week after he had a CT angiogram aorta. The Radiographer asked him if he has allergy to any contrast media or kidney job. Then he had an IV injection of dye in his arm. The sawbones received the study from Radiologist a few yearss subsequently. Evaluation of CT scan was a 6.2cm infrarenal AAA with a satisfactory cervix of 2cm and good possible common iliac set downing zones suited for EVAR ( Bhattacharya V 2007 ) . He was asked to go to a pre-operative appraisal clinic to run into his sawbones and other members of clinical squad. Two hebdomads subsequently in pre-op they took his medical history and the name of all medicine he used and carried out a physical scrutiny. The surgical squad carried out a figure of trials include blood trial and chest X ray to do certain that he is healthy plenty to hold an anesthetic and surgery. And advised him what he needs to make for admittance twenty-four hours. trials Normal Laboratory Test Values ‘ Patients result Red blood cells 3.8 M/mcL to 5.6 M/mcL 4.6 M/mcL. White blood cells 3.8 K/mm^ to 11.0 K/mm 6 k/mm. Hemoglobin 11 g/dL to 18 g/dL 13 g/dl Hematocrit 34 % to 54 % 38 % Blood urea N mg/dL to 0.4 mg/dL 6 mg/dL to 23 mg/dL Bilirubin, direct 0.0 15mg/dl Bilirubin entire 0.2 mg/dL to 1.4 mg/dL 0.2 milligram /dL Creatinine 0.6 mg/dL to 1.5 mg/dL 0.7 mg/dL On admittance twenty-four hours which was hebdomad subsequently, he was seen by the nurse, sawbones and anesthesiologist. Then vascular sawbones went through the questionnaire which was about his past medical history and process once more, and explained the hazard and benefit of making the operation. He took his consent and asked him to subscribe the consent signifier. He was taken to the theater and the anesthesiologist gave him a general aneaestatic. Aneurysm fix was performed and after the process, he was taken to the intensive attention unit for recovery. He made good recovery and was discharged on the fifth postoperative twenty-four hours. Complete recovery was 3 months. After 2nd postoperative yearss he had CT angiography In order to observe any complication. There was no grounds of endoleak detected during arterial stage scanning or after a 2-min hold. The patient was discharged without complication. You read "Evar From Diagnosis To Treatment Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Follow-up CT angiography was performed at 1 month and five month. Then every twelvemonth after that, to do certain there are non any jobs. Discussion: An aneurism is a weak country in aorta. If a blood vas weakens, it starts to bloat like a balloon and becomes remarkably large. If an aneurism signifiers on the abdominal aorta and grows excessively large, the aorta might rupture or tear ( Upchurch and Schaub April 1, 2006, Heather 2008 ) . The most common aneurism is abdominal aortal aneurisms, is below the beginning of the arterias to the kidneys.In work forces, the maximal normal aortal diameter at this degree is about 2.5 centimeter. An aorta that is 3 centimeter or more in diameter at this degree qualifies as being aneurysmal. The happening of AAA varies harmonizing to ethnicity, age and gender. Work force are six times more likely to be affected than adult females. At the age of 65 old ages, 3 % of work forces will hold an AAA. The popularity so increases with age to make about 8 % at the age of 80. AAAs represents about 98 % of aneurism of the whole aorta ( Hafez 2008 and Sparks et al 2002 ) . Any aneurism wider than 5.5 centimeter should be operated upon electively ( Raymond 2006 and Dillon et al 2010 ) .Abdominal aortal aneurism is normally symptomless. Smoke and high blood force per unit area are most of import hazard factors ( patient brochure 2009 and Hafez 2008 ) . Approximately 80 % of patients who present with a ruptured abdominal aortal aneurisms have no old diagnosing. When rupture occurs, mortality is really high ( Scot et al 2008 and Philip et al 2009 ) . On physical scrutiny, AAAs with 3 to 3.9 centimeter scope is tangible 29 % of the clip, compared with those with an AAA more than 5 centimeter. which can be palpated 76 % of the clip ( Gilbert et al 2008 ) . Once the size reaches an index diameter of 5 to 5.5cm or is seen to spread out more than 0.5cm in a twelvemonth needs to mention to vascular sawbones ( H. George Burkit 2007 ) . Harmonizing to Robert et Al 2008 if the abdominal aortal aneurism expands by more than 0.6 to 0.8cm per twelvemonth, fix is normally recommended. The trials were included: Arterial Blood Gas ( ABG ) degrees, to supervise oxygenation, airing, and acerb base position. Complete blood count to supervise Red blood cell, White blood cell ( WBC ) , and thrombocyte counts altered hemoglobin degrees and haematocrit reflect any blood loss and the O transporting ability of the blood. An elevated WBC count reflects an inflammatory response. Serum electrolyte panel-monitors fluid, electrolyte, and acerb base position Serum creatinine and blood urea N ( BUN ) degrees, to supervise nephritic map. Blood curdling surveies to supervise curdling. Urinalysis to supervise nephritic position including secernment and concentration Blood cross fiting necessary for blood replacing Electrocardiography ( ECG ) to look into cardiac alterations associated with ischaemia Chest X ray may uncover abnormalcies of the thorax, bosom and lungs ( Holloway 2004 ) . MRSA Scan to fix his tegument and cut down the likeliness of infection ( trust protocol ) . Patients are normally current or anterior tobacco users and frequently have a history of high blood pressure. Most abdominal aortal aneurisms remain asymptomatic until they rupture, but some are detected by the way either on scrutiny or when the patient undergoes imaging for other grounds. On scrutiny a pulsatile, expandable cardinal abdominal mass may be detected supplying the patient is non grossly corpulent. The femoral and popliteal pulsations should be checked for associated aneurisms ( Scott et al 2004 and Rosalyn 2006 and Louise and Anderson 2001 ) . Compared with unfastened surgery, EVAR has lower operative mortality, lower morbidity, and shorter length of infirmary stay and greater likeliness of discharge to place than unfastened surgery ( Schermerhorn 2009 ) Two option of operation are unfastened fix, where an scratch is made in the venters, and endovascular aneurism fix, where the aneurism is repaired by go throughing instruments through one of the venas ( NHS Choice 2010 ) . Patient demands to hold CT angiogram to cognize if he is suited for EVAR. Because of the form of aneurysm some people are non suited for EVAR Otherwise he should hold unfastened surgery ( NICE 2006 ) . CT is the following measure to assist find which intervention should be used.Serial CT scans can be used to conceive of the proximal cervix ( the passage between the normal and aneurysmal aorta ) , the extension to the iliac arterias, and the patency of the splanchnic arterias. They can besides mensurate the thickness of the mural thrombus. With 3-dimensional imagination, coiling CT and CT angiography can supply extra anatomical inside informations, particularly utile if endovascular process is considered ( Macari et al 2001 ) .The ground of holding CT compared with aortography and MRI is, widespread Availability, systematically consistent consequences, and a comparative cost ( Sparks et al 2002 ) . Elective surgery is to mend an aorta. The sawbones will cover a little metal tubing, which is known as a stent-graft and will attach that to a catheter. The catheter is infixing into one of the arterias in the inguen around the femoral arterias, before being moved up to the site of the aneurism. He will attach the stent-graft to the interior of the aorta with pins, which strengthened the walls of the aorta. The catheter so will be removed. The process will be guided utilizing intensifier x-ray machine and radiographer will take images step by measure. An X-ray imagination process is executing to look into whether the stent transplant is decently placed. The cut will be closed with stitches and a dressing will be placed over the stitches. ( Bupa ‘s Health Information Team 2010 and book ) . X raies of the venters shows Ca sedimentations in the aneurism wall, but we can non see the size and extent of aneurism therefore Ultrasound has approximately 98 % truth in mensurating the size of the aneurism, and is safe and non-invasive. Ultrasonography normally gives a clear image of the size of an aneurism. For surgical fix be aftering ultrasound can non accurately place the extent of the aneurism. Computerized imaging of the venters is extremely accurate in finding the size and extent of the aneurism, and its relation to the nephritic arterias. However, computerized imaging uses high doses of radiation and for rating of blood vass, requires endovenous dye. This carries some hazard including allergic reaction to the dye and annoyance of the kidneys. In patients with kidney diseases, the physician may see an MRA, which is a survey of the aorta and the other arterias utilizing MRI scanning. Both computerized imaging and MRI are effectual for diagnosing. In this instance because pa tient had Knee replacing and no allergic to dye CT is best option. Screening may cut down the incidence of aortal rupture, particularly if applied to bad groups. Erstwhile ultrasound showing for AAA is recommended for all work forces aged a†°?65 old ages and household history of AAA ( NHS Screening plan 2010 ) . Decision: Abdominal aorta aneurism ( AAA ) is a dilation of the aorta. This is about 3 centimeters in most people. Strong hazard factors are cigarette smoke, familial or household history, increased age, male sex, inborn and connective tissue upsets. Diagnostic factors include abdominal, back, or inguen hurting, pulsatile abdominal mass and hypotension. Diagnostic trials are including Plain X ray of venters, Ultrasound, CT scan, MRI and aortography.There are two option for Treatments of Abdominal aortal aneurism which includes unfastened fix and Endovascular aneurysm fix, depending on patient status. REFRENCESS: Upchurch, Jr. G.R. ( M.D. ) and Schaub, T.A. ( M.D. ) ( April 1, 2006 ) ‘Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm ‘ American Family Physician online. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aafp.org/afp/20060401/1198.html [ Accessed 16/2/2011 ] Heather, B. P. ( 2008 ) ‘Abdominal aortal aneurisms, testing and the jurisprudence ‘ AvMA Medical A ; Legal Journal. Volume 14 Number 2 online. Available from hypertext transfer protocol: //cr.rsmjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/14/2/65 [ accessed 12/1/211 ] Mayo clinical staff, ( June 23, 2010 ) , Abdominal ultrasound, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research ( MFMER ) online. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mayoclinic.com/health/abdominal-ultrasoundWhat you can expect/ , MY00076/DSECTION=what-you-can-expect [ accessed 23/1/2011 ] RUH, ( 2006 ) ` Endovascular Aneurysm Repair Patient Information` Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ruh.nhs.uk/patients/services/vascular, [ accessed 21st DEC 2010 ] Vikram, D. and Deborah J. R, ( 2004 ) Ultrasound secrets. Philadelphia: Name of publishing house VeriMed Healthcare Network, ( 2009 ) Abdominal aortal aneurism. Medline plus Medical Encyclopaedia. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000162.htm. [ Accessed 12/1/211 ] Hafez, H ( 2008 ) Clinical Risk `Abdominal aortal aneurism disease: wellness hazards, direction and screening` 14: 208-210 DOI: 10.1258/cr.2008.080076 online available from hypertext transfer protocol: //atvb.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/28/4/764 [ accessed 24/1/2011 ] Robert K. S, Roberta L. H, Katherine E. M ( 2008 ) what is ct angiography aorta of abdominal aortal aneurism Stoelting ‘s anaesthesia and co-existing disease, 676 pages Follow online format above Bhattacharya, V ( 2007 ) `Management of abdominal aortal aneurism ‘ , available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gponline.com/news/766641 [ accessed 20/1/2011 ] Holloway, N. M. ( 2004 ) Medical-surgical attention planning. Topographic point of publication: Lippincott William A ; Wilkins, A Inglott, F. ( 2007 ) Stent-graft online. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.stentgraft.com/id11.htmlconsultant, [ accessed 12/02/2011 ] Bupa ‘s Health Information Team, ( July 2010 ) Endovascular aneurism fix ( EVAR ) , on-line at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bupa.co.uk/healthinformation/directory/e/endovascular-repair, [ accessed 16/2/2011 ] . Kirk, R. M. ( 2006 ) General surgical operations. Topographic point: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Dillon, M. Cardwell, C. Blair, P.H. Ellis, P. Kee, F. Harkin, D.W. ( 2010 ) Endovascular intervention for ruptured abdominal aortal aneurism, The Cochrane Collaboration, Cochrane, John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www2.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab005261.html [ accessed 12/12/2010 ] PATIENT INFORMATION BOOKLET ( 2009 ) Endovascular Stent Grafts: A intervention for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms, Medtronic, Vol 302, No. 18 Davarn, S. ( MD ) Reardon, R. ( MD ) Joing, S. ( MD ) ( 2008 ) Academic Emergency Medicine, Volume 14, Issue 4, Article foremost published online: available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1197/j.aem.2007.01.001/pdf, [ accessed 06/01/2011 ] Baker, P. E. A ; Kumar Ramnarine, V. ( February 2009 ) Development and Application of an Experimental Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Model, ultrasound, Leicester NHS Trust, N Volume 17 N Number 1, online available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //ult.rsmjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/17/1/30 [ accessed 12/01/2011 ] Upchurch Jr, G. R. ( MD ) Longo, C. ( MD ) Rectenwald, J.E. ( MD ) ( March 2008 ) Abdominal aortal aneurism, Geriatrics Volume 63. Number 3 Kahan, S. Raves, J. J. ( 2004 ) In a Page Surgery. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams A ; Wilkins, SPARKS, A.R. ( M.D. ) JOHNSON, P. L. ( M.D. ) and MEYER, M. C. ( M.D. ) ( APRIL 15, 2002, ) Imagination of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms, AMERICAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN, VOLUME 65, NUMBER 8University of Kansas Medical Centre, Kansas City, Kansas available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.e-radiography.net/articles/Aortic % 20Anneurysm % 20imaging.pdf [ accessed 21/02/2011 ] Burkitt, G. H. Quick, C.R.G. Reed, J.B. , ( 2007 ) , Essential surgery: jobs, diagnosing and direction, Churchill Livingston Elsevier Follow diary format above ZOLER, M. L. ( 2006 ) , Formulas Identify Best Patients for AAA Repair. Internal medical specialty News, available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.internalmedicinenews.com/index.php? id=495 A ; cHash=071010 A ; tx_ttnews [ tt_news ] =11658 [ accessed 19/02/2011 ] Heather, B. P. ( 2008 ) Abdominal aortal aneurisms, testing and the jurisprudence, AvMA Medical A ; Legal Journal, Volume 14 Number 2 online available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //cr.rsmjournals.com/content/vol14/issue2/ [ accessed 12/12/2010 ] GAILA HOODA IRWIN RN, CEN, BSNA ( February 2007 ) , A How to protect a patient with aortal aneurism Volume 37A Number 2, PagesA 36A online available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nursingcenter.com/prodev/ce_article.asp? tid=693846 [ accessed 26/12/2010 ] Macari, M. , ( MD ) , Israel, G. M. ( MD ) , Berman, P. ( BA ) Lisi, M. ( BA ) Anuj J. Tolia, BA, Mark Adelman, MD, Alec J. Megibow, MD, MPH, August 2001 Infrarenal Abdominal Aortic, Aneurysms at Multi-Detector, Row CT Angiography: Intravascular Enhancement without a Timing Acquisition1, 520 omega Radiology Macari et Al, Volume 220 omega Number 2 online available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //radiology.rsna.org/content/220/2/519.full [ accessed 16/02/2011 ] NICE ( 2006 ) , Royal United Hospital Bath, NHS, Endovascular Aneurysm Repair Patient Information, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ruh.nhs.uk/patients/services/vascular/documents/Endovascular_Aneurysm_Repair_Patient_Information.pdf, [ accessed 21st DEC 2010 ] Schermerhorn, M. ( MD ) Discussant ( November 2009 ) , American Medical Association. Vol 302, No. 18, online available at hypertext transfer protocol: //jama.ama-assn.org/content/302/18/2015.full.pdf+html, [ accessed 14/2/2011 ] Anderson, L. A. ( MS, RN ) ( 2001 ) , Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm, THE JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR Nursing, Volume 15 – Issue 4 – pp 1-14 online, available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //journals.lww.com/jcnjournal/Abstract/2001/07000/Abdominal_Aortic_Aneurysm.2.aspx [ accessed 13/01/2011 ] Gendreau, R. ( 2006 ) Is it a kidney rock or abdominal aortal aneurism? : Name of journal Volume 36 – Issue 5 – P 22-24, on-line available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //journals.lww.com/nursing/Fulltext/2006/04001/Is_it_a_kidney_stone_or_abdominal_aortic_aneurysm_.8.aspx [ accessed 20/12/2010 ] Baker, L. A Anderson, E. ( May 2010 ) ; Abdominal aortal aneurism: simple showing could salvage lives, Primary attention nurse practician, Generations Family Health Centre, Norwich, CT, American Journal for Nurse Practitioners ( AM J NURSE PRACT ) , 2010 May ; 14 ( 5 ) : 29-34 ( 27 ref ) , journal article – pictorial, tables/charts. Online available from: Health Information Resources once National Library for Health, cinhal, [ accessed 18/02/2011 ] NHS Choice ( 2010 ) , Screening programmes, Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm, NHS Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Screening Programme, online available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //aaa.screening.nhs.uk/ [ accessed 01/12/2010 ] Screening programmes, Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm, NHS Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Screening Programme 2010 Produced by COI for the NHS,401590/C 1p December 2010, hypertext transfer protocol: //aaa.screening.nhs.uk/ david.colbourn @ bcu.ac.uk How to cite Evar From Diagnosis To Treatment Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Case Study for the Barack Obama Campaign free essay sample

The Barack Obama Campaign case shows how the Internet, especially social media can leverage its power to reach and encourage publics engage with communication and activities of the organization fast and cost-effectively. In the period of 2008 presidential election, Obama and his official team Obama for America (OAF for short) ran a web-based grassroots campaign and used social media as a tool to Interact with supports timely, and enhance Beams reputation and impact. The social networking site my. Abracadabra. Mom (Mob for short) was designed to mobile and organize volunteers and offered a platform for supports to plan events and interact with each other both online and In real world. Mob users can directly engage with Beams messages and pass them along to their friends. In terms of the campaigns leadership, because all users in Mob might be representative, Mob can function as a semiofficial site to response questions from reports and the public, get feedbacks from supports, and mobile and organize volunteers. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study for the Barack Obama Campaign or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The goal of the campaign was imply but clear: let Barack Obama be elected as the president.And the key objectives of Mob were to attract more eligible voters and raise funds. Therefore, OFF took advantage of the online community -Mob where supporters could build their blobs, organize local events, create fundraising sites, connect with official staff and offer their feedbacks directly. The salient point OFF created was to choose the appropriate medium to reach the audiences and manage the relationship with them. The demographics of social media users tended to fall in line more closely with those f Democratic voters in 2008 presidential election (see Exhibit for 2008 presidential Election Voter Demographics, from Exit Polls).Social media had a high penetration among the younger generator while young adults aged 18 to 29 had a significant impact during the presidential election, according to the exhibit. Mob, as well as Flick, Youth, and other sites, aims to convey Beams core beliefs to the followers, offered them a forum to plan events and find local political groups, and Integrated offline activities into online experiences. Users could use Mob blobs to facilitate offline events and outreach offline activities through sharing the experiences and enthusiasm with other online users.To deliver the messages in a convincing tone and make the campaign open to all were significant factors for the success of OFF. The sophistication of Obama Rapid Response Group was to manage the relationship between Obama and the media via the public. Mob floggers and volunteers in this group worked as the communication committee to answer reporters questions and eliminate the negative impact of bad press with sophisticated, fact-checked espouses, which Indicated the transparency and grassroots feature of the Obama campaign.With the strategy of Obama Everywhere, OFF took advantage of other social networki ng such as Backbone, Youth and Twitter beyond its own controlled website and built a profile for Obama in order to reach more voters. With the leverage of Neighbor-to-Neighbor and Vote for Change, OFF creased their effectiveness to reach undecided voters and developed more registers. Besides, the database of these registers and their profile made it easier for OFF to measure their 1 OFF

American Independence essays

American Independence essays There has been a lot of things that led to American Independence. Many things were done by both the colonies and Great Britain that all built up to the Declaration of Independance and the Revolution. Economics, religion, society, and government all had parts in the American Independence. Economics was a big issue with the colonists. The King of Britain issued many unfair taxes on them. He taxed tea, stamps, and other things. The money from the taxes went into the King's pocket and he also used it to pay for the military, which is unfair because a free people shouldn't have to pay for the British military just because the King wants to force the military on the colonists. The colonists had no choice in whether or not they recieved help from the British military. Britain helped them and made them pay for it. Today, taxes pay for the well being of the country. It funds the government and the military, which protects America's welfare. Religion was a big reason the colonists came to America in the first place. In Britain, they had no choice in religion, so they came to America where they are free to practice any religion they want. Although Britain allowed them to come to America, it still tried to maintain almost complete control over the colonies. The colonists enjoyed many new freedoms in the American colonies, but Britain would not loosen it's grip on them. Britain refused to let them expand their colonies West of the Appalachian Mountains, and it imposed many unfair laws and acts on the colonies. After a while, most of the colonists became fed up with Britains unfairness. Some colonists, on the other hand, prefered the life that Britain offered them: no opporitunity, but definite money. The people who opposed Britain wrote articles like Common Sense, to persuade the other colonists to revolt. Soon, Thomas Jefferson composed the Declaration of Independence and sent it to Britain. Today, America is a cultural...

APWH Chapter 10- From Tang to the Mongols Essay Example

APWH Chapter 10 APWH Chapter 10- From Tang to the Mongols Paper APWH Chapter 10- From Tang to the Mongols Paper Essay Topic: Poetry Over the course of the three centuries before the rise of the Sui Dynasty C. Buddhism developed a much wider following among the Chinese people Which of the following statements is not a valid observation about the Sui Dynasty? C. It permanently incorporated Korea in to the Chinese domain. The name given to the Asian region northwest of traditional China that was pacified by the Tang was A. Xinjiang. The Sui Dynasty C. completed the new Grand Canal system linking the Yellow Yangtze river valleys. As a result of early Tang rule B. Buddhist influence helped to produce a blossoming of Chinese culture. Tang rule in China became permanently weakened as a result of a rebellion by a protege of A. Yang Guifei. The Turkish-speaking tribal group that ultimately overthrew the Tang were the E. Kirghiz In terms of its relations with neighboring powers, the Song A. met their ultimate demise at the hands of the Mongols State Confucianism B. expressed a traditional, activist element in Chinese philosophy. The administrative structure of the Chinese government during the Tang Dynasty included C. A Department of State Affairs In the Chinese civil service examination system D. many candidates who passed the first examination did not go on to a higher level. In the civil service examination system developed in China, C. in comparison to other civilizations, the process provided a means for upward social mobility that was ahead of its time. The Tang political system C. developed the equivalent of a modern cabinet within its Department of State Affairs Wu Zhao E. became empress of China. Neo-Confucianism B. included the School of the Mind Under Song rule in China, the system of local government E. all of the above One of the main reasons for the demise of the Tang Dynasty was its inability to effectively solve the problem of land distribution. Which of the following statements can serve as a valid explanation for this policy failure? A. The spread of land holding by buddhist monasteries, coupled with rising food production, led to increasing pressure on the land distribution system. The Chinese civil service examination system E. was unable to solve the problem of officials using their positions to illegally help their relatives Which of the following was not an economic factor in medieval China? D. The Sui Dynasty closed the Silk Road. The nomadic people who aligned with the Tang to dominate much of the carrying trade along the Silk Road were the C. Uighurs. In medieval China, the tribute system C. maintained the foundation fo a working trade relationship between the Chinese and foreign merchants and rulers With the increase in trade and urban activities during the Tang and Song eras, B. a landed gentry class assumed a position of social and economic dominance. Local government in medieval China C. inclued local magistrates who supplemented their salaries by charging people for services for which the government already paid them. The founder of the Mongol Empire was D. Genghis Khan. Affluent Chinese during the Tang Dynasty A. had fewer luxuries than during the Han and Qin dynasties. Which of the following was true about the power of the Mongols? C. They achieved more success in China than it did in the rest of East Asia Khubilai Khans captial was located in C. Khanblaiq. The Mongols E. made use of Chinese institutions in governing China The Mongols were able to maintain control in China for an extended period because they D. maintained commercial policies that were conducive to Chinese prosperity. All of the following factors contributed to the end of Mongol rule in China except E. a plague that killed 14 million Mongols in 1241 and 1242. All of the following were true about medieval Chinese life except A. most people had developed life styles that were far removed from agriculture. Which of the following accurately characterizes the medieval Chinese family? C. Its moral foundation was filial piety. Empress Wu C. made a significant contribution to the civil service examination system Buddhism was brought to China by C. merchants from India. The Buddhist sect that stressed the role of devotion was B. The Pure Land Sect. Of the three philosophies competing for attention in medieval China, B. Confucianism triumphed because it adhered to the Chinese social need to support the concepts of hard work and filial piety The main purpose for the development of Neo-Confucianism was to C. provide a set of beliefs that dealt with the issues of the universe that had been introduced into Chinese religion by Buddhism and Daoism and which were able to fit into the original Confucian value system. Which of the following would you say is a more accurate depiction of the comparison between medieval Chinese Western thought? A. The Chinese became more individualistic, while the Europeans became more scientific Major difference between China and late medieval Europe were that D. the Chinese made many technological advances, such as the compass and block printing, but were less interested in scientific inquiry. The Confucian scholar who was the primary proponent of the idea that the correct way to transcend the material world was from an understanding of self was B. Wang Yangming. Although medieval China was the source of many of the great inventions of tis time, it failed to develop the technological advances that these inventions produced elsewhere. The primary explanation for this phenomenon was that D. Confucian values, coupled with the self interests of the leadership of the intellectual revolution stifled technologic advancements. During the Han Dynasty, Chinese literature was stimulated by the invention of B. paper. The most effective expression of literature from the Tang to the Ming dynasties was in the form of D. poetry. Due to various technical aspects of the Chinese language, its poetry ahd A. a brevity in the amount of lines used and the number of words in each line Li Bo D. wrote a poem entitled Resolution of Waking with a Hangover on Spring Morning In Son China E. cities were governed by Qin officials Which of the following is an accurate characterization of the Chinese poet being described B. Li Bo had a carefree attitude towards life. During the Yuan dynasty A. there was major growth in the development of the popular theater as well as the novel. Which of the following was not an aspect of the creativity of Chinese art? E. inspiration drawn mainly from Indian sources Between 600 and the 1200s, Chinese art and literature A. produced such famous stories as Romance of the Three Kingdoms.

Online Writing Lab Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Online Writing Lab - Essay Example You, I believe, would also be experiencing the same difficulties with language and culture that all people coming from other countries face during the early days adjusting in the new environment. The matter doesn't get any easier especially for an immigrant coming from a developing and a Muslim country like Pakistan in our case. Locals looking at us with a suspicious eye, jobs not easy to secure, investigation teams just around the corner waiting for us to make a wrong move etc are some of the problems that we have to cope up with. Apart from this there comes the problem of communication gaps that exist between the locals and people like us who use English as a second language. Writing applications, interview letters, and even writing and speaking simple words may elicit negative and undesired feedback due to inappropriate usage of grammar. Sometimes using correct sentence composition may land us in trouble since the usage did not convert to the same context in the local's minds due to cultural differences. Having experienced these issues myself, I have some encouraging news for you about how to avoid landing into tricky situations in front of your peers. Leafing through my computer files yesterday I found my solution to the cultural and language problems I had faced during my initial days in the United States. The solution was a simple Online Writing Lab called 'OWL' for short. An OWL is an always available facility which provides you free writing resources and instructional material on the internet. It is a portal where students, members of the community, and global users can find information to assist them with many writing projects while teachers and trainers can use the material for in-class and out-of-class instructions. Every country has its own set of rules and expectations about the ways to communicate in a business setting. In some countries, they may place less emphasis on written materials and more emphasis on verbal communication. However, in the United States, memos, letters, and emails are important and play a role in creating a person's business reputation. The 'OWL at Purdue' has a special section relating on how Non-Americans should go about writing for a business audience. It includes information on how to approach a topic by getting to the point, to keep the message simple, how and when to use active and passive voice with special emphasis on nondiscriminatory language, and a guide on using verbs rather than keeping the message vague. The best part of the Online Writing Lab is that it provides a teacher-student relationship as in a school yet a completely professional online environment just like in the case of distance learning. You can write a letter for your business purpose, but send it first to your teacher at the OWL from where you will receive instructions and training on how to improve your business writing. As a result you can then send the convincingly written revised letter for the business purpose you initially intended and get a firm response. Not only this, there is a lot more available on their website including basic formatting and referencing styles for business reports, demo letters and memorandums, and writing guidelines. Your reputation remains safe while all the time you learn how to make your writing skills even better. And while your writing skills improve, you are assured that your spoken language gets better. Your convenience is the key here. You can send emails, write letters or memos, and make corrections and revisions all at a

Professional Development for Elementary Teachers, Team Building for Essay

Professional Development for Elementary Teachers, Team Building for Elementary Teachers and Teachers as Mentors in Elementary Schools - Essay Example One might conclude that under these circumstances, it would be nearly impossible for students to succeed in a Baltimore City Public School. However, the question of how educators can enhance student performance (specifically student test scores and attendance) in public schools has been widely discussed and explored by educational practitioners. In fact, educational reformers have developed different strategies to enhance student performance in public city schools. Empowering teachers both inside and outside the classroom seems to be at the forefront as a key intervention for teachers in public elementary education today (Supovitz, p. 1591). Educational practitioners and researchers alike agreed that teachers can best empower themselves by engaging in different activities like professional development, team-building, mentoring. Such activities would not only empower teachers but they would also improve student performance. Education is a life long process, especially for those who are educators. In the field of education there are always new developments, and for a teacher it's important to be up to date on the knowledge concerning a subject, as well as the most effective teaching methods to ensure that students have the best chance possible to succeed in school. It's important that teachers continue their education to better serve incoming students' needs. Professional development is viewed as a vital part of being a teacher. The most prominent form of professional development is traditional one, but there is also a technology-enhanced one that is becoming more readily available. Team building process of teaching community is to improve the educational system. According to G. Maeroff (1993), 'the nucleus or team would assume ownership of new ideas and learn strategies for implementing them and for winning adherents among their colleagues in the school community' (p. 513). Researchers suggest that education might be improved by the formation of school teams of committed people who are prepared to take risks inside and outside their own classrooms. And Maeroff concludes that 'the greatest value of teams will be as vehicles for bringing improvements to teaching and learning' (p. 519). 'Existing' teachers mentoring other teachers is also an important point to take into consideration. This mentoring uses experienced master teachers who support and assist both novice and experienced teachers new to the district or a particular school. In team frame mentors should be team leaders, committed to professional growth, be confident and caring people. Only in this case it will bring the best results for both educators and students. The teaching environment should follow collaborative scheme, thus providing opportunities for discussion, reflection, and follow-up. Professional development for teachers in public elementary schools Elementary children learning is of strategic importance for both their future and that of the nation. Elementary teachers must be prepared with the knowledge, skills, values and techniques to interact successfully with children, parents, colleagues, administrators, and others who affect children's lives. They must adapt to the interests, learning styles and needs of individual children in a complex, rapidly changing and culturally diverse society.