Criminal Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Criminal Evidence - Essay Example The leading case in this area was R v Leatham 1where Crompton J famously remarked 'it matters not how you get it, if you steal it even, it would be admissible in evidence'.2 There were common law rules which allowed the judges to have the discretion to exclude evidence3 at a criminal trial, if this would jeopardise the position of the defendant.4.The standard of reasonableness to be exercised in this regard was that of the "Wednesbury" criteria.5 .Thus the position under common law was that illegally obtained evidence was admissible, given that it was credible, relevant and did not cause adverse inferences to be drawn against the accused.6 The PACE 1984 came into effect in January 1986 and brought changes to the common law position. The main section 78 7of PACE 1984 codified and consolidated the previous common law position.8 However the later body of case law that developed tended to discard the common law approach and develop an entirely new approach to the section, yet the court has not yet given an exhaustive set of guidelines for the section due to the different facts of each case.9Most of the early case law in this regard involved the exclusion of unfairly procured confessions although the position before the PACE 1984 had been very much the same.10 The position in the cases of r... misconduct by the police authorities in the cases of real evidence.11However the court showed some caution in cases involving Alcohol and DNA tests as there was a likelihood of the rigging of such evidence.12In the very controversial case of R v Nathaniel13 the court excluded the evidence of a blood sample of rapist taken four years ago which was promised by the police to be destroyed given that he was not convicted. They tried to use the sample again to convict him four years later but the court excluded this evidence and Lord Taylor CJ made it clear for the court, 'To allow that blood sample to be used in evidence at a trial four years after the alleged offences when the sample had been retained in breach of statutory duty and in breach of the undertakings to the defendant must, in our view, have had an adverse effect on the fairness of the trial. It should not in our view have been admitted.' This case has been followed wherever evidence has been retained in breach of s 64 (3B) of PACE in later cases of rape, murder and theft. For example in the case of Regina v Weir14 the accused was being charged of brutal murder on the basis of very convincing DNA samples which were obtained in breach of s64 (3B) of PACE and thereby the conviction of the defendant was quashed.. Recently however, in the Attorney General's Reference No. 3 of 199915 the House of Lords expressed dissatisfaction with this judgement and regretted not having convicted the accused despite the heavy amount of evidence involved. The Court said that " It must be borne in mind that respect for the privacy of defendants is not the only value at stake. The purpose of the criminal law is to permit everyone to go about their daily lives without fear of harm to person or property. And it is in the

Environmental Ethical Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Environmental Ethical Issues - Essay Example â€Å"Environmental ethics is a new sub-discipline of philosophy that deals with the ethical problems surrounding environmental protection.† (Yang, 2006). Environmental ethics calls for attempts on the part of humans to ensure the provision of safe and healthy environment not only for their own generations but also for all the animals and plants on Earth. Environmental issues have not been adequately addressed in the past, given the lack of general awareness and a curiosity to achieve more. We have largely relied on fossil fuels as the fundamental source of energy to fulfill our domestic and industrial needs and have unintentionally caused irreparable damage to the environment through the emission of toxic gases into the air as a result of burning of the fossil fuels causing phenomenon like global warming. Birth of events like Earth Day in 1971 served to increase general awareness about global environmental pollution in masses all over the world which overtly expressed their concerns on the issue and their concerns were addressed in the form of first United Nations Environmental Conference which took place in Stockholm the following year. (Yang, 2006). This conference paved way for further measures that included but were not limited to the development of laws to ensure environmental safety on both national and international level in the years to follow. People began to realize the importance of environmental ethics particularly when philosophers published papers to address this issue. Three papers namely â€Å"Is there a need for a new, an environmental ethic?, Animal liberation and The shallow and the deep, long-range ecology movement† were published by â€Å"Richard Routley, Peter Singer and Arne Naess† respectively in 1973. These authors belonged to different countries and cultural backgrounds and their joint concern over the matter depicted the whole world’s curiosity to

Class Presentations On Crucial Conversations Philosophy Essay

Class Presentations On Crucial Conversations Philosophy Essay Consider our class presentations on Crucial Conversations. Please identify and define the key elements of a crucial conversation. What makes these conversations difficult for people and what can you do to enhance your ability to have an effective crucial conversation? On that note, what makes for an effective conversation? A crucial conversation is a discussion between two or more people where stakes are high, opinions vary, and emotions run strong. When we face crucial conversations, we can do one of three things: We can avoid them, we can face them and handle them poorly, or we can face them and handle them well. Ironically, the more crucial the conversation, the less likely we are to handle it well. We often hold things inside by going silent until we can take it no longer-and then we drop a bomb. In short, we move between silence and violence-we either dont handle the conversation, or dont handle it well. We may not become physically violent, but we do attack others ideas and feelings. When we fail a crucial conversation, every aspect of our lives can be affected-from our careers, to our communities, to our relationships, to our personal health. When a conversation turns crucial, we either miss or misinterpret the early warning signs. The sooner we notice were not in dialogue, the quicker we can get back to dialogue and the lower the cost. As you pull out of the content of a conversation and learn to look for the conditions of dialogue, pay attention to early warning signs. Learn to look for when a conversation becomes crucial. A large part of this is watching your actions and emotions, as well as the actions and emotions of the other person. Paying attention to both the content of the discussion and how people are acting and feeling is no easy task. But its an essential part of dialogue. As long as your intent is pure and you learn how to make it safe for others, you can talk to almost anyone about almost anything. The key is to make the other person feel safe. To do this, there are two things the person needs to know: First, they need to know that you care about their best interests and goals. This is called mutual purpose. Second, they need to know that you care about them. This is called mutual respect. When people believe both of these things, they relax and can absorb what youre saying; they feel safe. The instant they dont believe them, safety breaks down and silence or violence follows. To restore safety in the face of silence or violence, you must restore mutual purpose and respect. When we become upset, our most common reaction is to defend ourselves and place the blame on someone else. As convenient as it is to blame others for pushing our buttons and causing us to become upset, its not exactly true. The key to how we feel lies in the stories we tell. These stories consist of our guess as to why people do what they do. As we become emotional, our story seems to be What is the worst and most hurtful way I can take this? This negative spin escalates our emotions and causes us to do the worst when it matters the most. To break away from your volatile emotions, you must rethink the conclusions you drew and the judgments you made. That requires you to tell the rest of the story. N ew stories create new feelings and support new and healthier actions. Better still, new stories often encourage you to return to dialogue. You have to know how to speak without offending and how to be persuasive without being abrasive. The five skills help us do just that to confidently state our opinions and humbly and sincerely invite others to do the same. The five skills that help us share our tough messages are called STATE: Share your facts Tell your story Ask for others paths Talk tentatively Encourage testing As we see others moving to silence or violence-sharing mostly stories or very little at all-it helps us stay in dialogue if we can encourage them to share their entire Path to Action, or the explanation of how emotions, thoughts, and experiences lead to our actions. We have to find a way to move others back to their facts. We typically join them at the end of their Path to Action. They show us their feelings and share their stories, but we may not know what they actually observed. We know what they think, but we dont know what we or others may have done. When others go to silence or violence, actively explore their path. Exploring helps others move away from harsh feelings and knee-jerk reactions and toward the root causes of those feelings and reactions. It also helps curb our own defensive response. Rather than ask, Whats the worst and most personal way I can take this? (leading to defensiveness), we should ask, Why would a reasonable, rational, and decent person think or feel this way? (leading to curiosity). Its hard to feel defensive and curious at the same time. Finally, it takes us to the only place where the feelings can be resolved: The source (the facts and story behind the emotions). If you dont take action, all crucial conversation is for nothing and will eventually lead to disappointment and hard feelings. Always agree on when and how follow-up will occur. It could be a simple e-mail confirming action by a certain date. It could be a full report in a team meeting. It could be just one report upon completion, or it could be progress checks along the way. Regardless of the method or frequency, follow-up is critical in creating action. There is no accountability if there is not an opportunity to account for action. Document your work: Effective teams and healthy relationships are supported by records of the important decisions made after difficult dialogues, and the assignments agreed upon. Good teams revisit these documents to follow up on both the decisions and the commitments. When someone fails to keep a commitment, candidly and directly discuss the issue with him or her. Please respond to FOUR of the questions below: 3. Consider mediation as a form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR). What are the advantages of mediation relative to other forms of dispute resolution such as courts and arbitration? What are the key attributes of an effective mediator? In Prosando, the mediator attempted to move the parties from a rights-based approach to an interests-based approach. What does this mean? How did he do this? Why did he do this? (Be sure to use the  Prosando video as an example to support your points as well as other course info). Mediation is a process in which a neutral third party (the mediator) assists the parties in resolving their dispute by facilitating negotiation. The mediator has no authority to impose a settlement, and the parties are under no obligation to reach agreement. Mediation proceedings are generally private and confidential. Benefits of successful mediation vary, depending on the parties needs and interests. The following are some common advantages of mediation: Parties are directly engaged in negotiating the settlement: Parties in mediation have the opportunity to directly air their views and positions, in the presence of their adversaries. The process can thus provide a catharsis for the parties that can engender a willingness to resolve the differences between them. Moreover, since parties are heard in the presence of neutral authority figures, the parties often feel that they have had their day in court. In the entertainment industry, there are lots of egos at stake. Clients that have suffered may want an opportunity to tell their story, and clear up any misrepresentations that are exploited to the public. Parties enhance the possibility of continuing their business relationship after resolving the dispute: Litigation process can be very stressful, time consuming, costly and often personally painful. At the end of litigation, the parties are often unable to continue or restart a relationship. In contrast, mediation disputes can be resolved in a manner that saves a business or personal relationship that; ultimately, the parties would prefer to preserve. Many relationships in the entertainment industry are of a collaborative nature, and it is pretty common for the parties in dispute to have had some success in prior artistic collaborations. If the creative parties are able to overcome the hurdle of the dispute through mediation, there is the potential that the parties can continue producing successful artistic endeavors. Creative Thinking and Problem Solving. Litigation can never resolve both parties issues in a way that is simultaneously favorable to both parties. In a mediation, all parties involved can brainstorm together to find solutions that address most, if not all, of the issues that are presented in the mediation. As stated earlier, people in the entertainment industry are creative by nature, and are known to think outside of the box. Mediation should be the least foreign process to anyone involved in any aspect of the entertainment industry. Mediation saves money through reduced legal costs and staff time: By resolving disputes earlier in mediation rather than later in litigation, parties can save tremendous sums in attorneys fees, court costs and other related expenses. Mediation Helps in Complicated Cases: When the facts and/or legal issues are particularly complicated, it can be difficult to sort them out through direct negotiations, or during trial. By contrast, mediation provides an opportunity to break down the facts and issues into smaller components, thereby enabling the parties to separate the matters that they agree upon, and those that they do not yet agree upon. The mediator can be indispensable to this process by separating, organizing, simplifying and addressing relevant issues. Mediator is an important role in Mediation. In the Prosando case, the mediators goal is to help the parties settle their difference in a manner that meets their needs and is preferable to the litigation alternative. An experienced mediator can serve as a sounding board, help identify and frame the relevant interests and issues of the parties, help the parties test their case and quantify the risk/reward of pursuing the matter, and, if asked, provide a helpful and objective analysis of the merits to each of the parties, foster and even suggest creative solutions, and identify and assist in solving impediments to settlement. This is often accomplished by meeting with the parties separately in private caucuses, as well as in a group, so that all participants can speak with total candor during the mediation process. The mediator can also provide the persistence that is often necessary to help parties reach a resolution. To obtain interests, determine priorities and develop trust, the med iator in Prosando case used various questioning techniques. Since parties may be reluctant to disclose information that weakens their own insistence on positions, the mediator must dig for information and will typically start such inquiry with open-ended questions. Important open-ended questions used by mediator were: What do I need to know to understand this matter? Narrower or focused clarification questioning will come later during the mediation. As part to bring out hidden concerns and interests, mediator carefully listens to responses and pursues critically important follow-up questions. Follow-up is particularly important when the speaker reveals a goal or interest without specifying the reasons. Follow questions assure the revelation of the speakers priorities rather than ones the mediator might assume or gather. For example, after Prosandos president said We have to move quickly, the mediator asked, Why is time so important? The mediator builds trust and assures the particip ants that he accurately understands the concerns and interests by using the active listening techniques. Active listening empathetically acknowledges what a party has said by reflecting back the essence of the statement with understanding but without evaluation. Active listening assures speakers that they have been understood, an important component of trust. Another effective technique that the mediator in the Prosando case uses was reframing. When mediators believe a partys interest or priority would be totally unacceptable to the opponent and couldnt form the basis of an agreement, he might try to reframe the interest into acceptable terms that could become part of a settlement. 4.   Based on Professor  Cialdinis six approaches to influence and persuasion, please identify and describe 3 of those and how and why they should work. How you can apply them in your work life? Reciprocity As humans, we generally aim to return favors, pay back debts, and treat others as they treat us. According to the idea of reciprocity, this can lead us to feel obliged to offer concessions or discounts to others if they have offered them to us. This is because were uncomfortable with feeling indebted to them. For example, if a colleague helps you when youre busy with a project, you might feel obliged to support her ideas for improving team processes. You might decide to buy more from a supplier if they have offered you an aggressive discount. Or, you might give money to a charity fundraiser who has given you a flower in the street. One of the reasons reciprocation can be used so effectively as a device for gaining anothers compliance is its power. The rule possessed awesome strength, often producing a yes response to a request that except for an existing feeling of indebtedness would have surely been refused. Liking People prefer to say yes to those they know and like, Cialdini says. Physical attractiveness, similarity, and familiarity are three levers that can be employed to increase this liking factor. When looks are not a significant issue, we like people that are similar to us, whether its similar opinions, personality traits, background, or life-style. So, smart persuaders dress like their targets, claim to have (or actually develop) similar backgrounds, lifestyles, attitudes, and beliefs. Scarcity When we are convinced that an opportunity or thing is limited in its availability, we are more easily persuaded to want it, and to take the actions necessary to get it. This principle says that things are more attractive when their availability is limited, or when we stand to lose the opportunity to acquire them on favorable terms. For instance, we might buy something immediately if were told that its the last one, or that a special offer will soon expire. Moreover, a sudden increase in scarcity is more persuasive that constant scarcity, and, if the sudden increase is due to demand for the item from others, it is more persuasive still. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Identify and explain when contingent contracts or contingent provisions in a contract, might be useful to get a deal done. Referring to the article: Betting on the future: The virtues of contingent contracts: Harvard Business Review, Sep/Oct99, Vol. 77 Issue 5, p155-160, identify the benefits and issues to be aware of when considering contingent provisions or contracts. When contingent contracts or contingent provisions in a contract is useful to get a deal done: Bypassing Biases: Contingent contracts offer a different approach to solving the bias problem. By enabling each side to bet on its bias, the contracts remove the biases as sources of contention and ultimately have the effect of canceling them out altogether. Consider, for example, one of the most common biases affecting negotiators: overconfidence. Companies, like individuals, tend to have an irrational degree of confidence in their own abilities and, as a result, they tend to overestimate the likelihood of achieving positive outcomes. In a contingent contract, each side translates its overconfident assumptions into a wager on the future. The outcome of the wager tends to fall between the two extreme positions, creating a rational result without requiring either party to sacrifice its firmly held bias. Another bias common in negotiations is egocentrism, which occurs when negotiators hold self-serving perceptions about the fairness of their position. Here, too, contingent contracts can defuse the tension and create a rational outcome. Contingent contracts counter biases by, in essence, indulging them. They establish two contrasting future scenarios, each reflecting one partys biases. Because each side anticipates that its scenario will be the one that plays out, each has a strong incentive to accept the contract. In effect, contingent contracts allow negotiators to be flexible without feeling that theyve compromised. Diagnosing Deceit: What makes information asymmetry so discomforting to companies is that it raises the possibility of deceit. Indeed, the fear of deceit can be a major impediment to all sorts of business agreements. Contingent contracts are a powerful means of uncovering deceit and neutralizing its consequences. Reduce Risk: Using a contingent contract to share risk often has an important additional benefit: it creates enormous goodwill. On the one hand, the contract provides a safety net, limiting each companys losses should an agreement go unexpectedly awry. On the other hand, it reduces the possibility of one company earning a windfall at the others expense. A contingent contract thus tends to enhance the trust between the parties, setting the stage for mutually beneficial negotiations in the future. Companies can also use contingent contracts to reduce the risk their customers assume when they purchase a new and untested product. Motivation: Another the benefits offered by contingent contracts is that they motivate parties to perform at or above contractually specified levels. Thats the driving force behind the use of contingent contracts in all kinds of compensation arrangements, from sales commissions to stock options. Sports teams and entertainment companies routinely use contingent contracts to motivate athletes and artists, particularly those who have shown a lack of motivation in the past. Contingent contracts are useful not just for motivating individuals, they can also motivate companies. While we believe that contingent contracts are valuable in many kinds of business negotiations, theyre not right in every situation. Managers should keep three points in mind: First, contingent contracts require continuing interaction between the parties. After all, the final outcome of the contract will not be determined until sometime after the initial agreement is signed. Therefore, negotiators need to consider the nature of their future relationship with the other party. If the parties are seeking a spot transaction, or if theres outright ill will between the two, they should probably not enter into a contingent contract. Second, negotiators need to think about the enforceability of a contract. Under a contingent contract, it is probable that one or more of the parties will not receive its full value up front. In some cases, the deferred value may represent a significant portion of the overall value. What if the loser of the bet refuses to pay up? What should the winner do? There are many ways to solve such issues-placing money in escrow, for instance. Our main message is, dont bet if you cant collect. Third, contingent contracts require transparency. The future event the parties bet on must be one that both sides can observe and measure and that neither side can covertly manipulate. Vague bets set the stage for different interpretations later. The terms of the bet should be clearly delineated in the contract. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Consider the article The Chinese Negotiation Harvard Business Review, Oct. 2003, Vol. 81 Issue 10, p. 82-91. Based on that article, identify and describe 3 concepts you should be aware of in order to negotiate effectively in China. The first concept in Chinese Negotiaitons is Guanxi (Personal Connections): In fact, personal connections doesnt do justice to the fundamental, and complex, concept of guanxi. While Americans put a premium on networking, information, and institutions, the Chinese place a premium on individuals social capital within their group of friends, relatives, and close associates. Though the role of guanxi is fading a bit against the backdrop of population mobility and the Wetsernization of some Chinese business practices, it remains an important social force. More often than not, the person with the best guanxi wins. Heres an example of how guanxi works. Upon learning that China Post Savings Bureau planned to modernize its computer network, C.T Teng, the general manager of Honeywell-Bulls Greater China Region, asked his Beijing sales director and the China Post executive were old university friends, they has guanxi. That connection enabled Teng to invite the China Post executive to a partners forum at Honeywell-Bull headquarters in Boston. He also invited the CEO of Taiwans Institute of Information Industry to the event. Over the course of the meeting, Teng proposed a banking system using Honeywell-Bull hardware and Taiwan Institute software to China Posts CEO, and the deal was accepted. Good Guanxi also depends on a strict system of reciprocity, or what the Chinese call hui bao. This does not mean immediate, American-style reciprocity: I made a concession, and I expect one in return at the table that day. In China, theres no hurry; agrarian rhythms run long. Favors are almost always remembered and returned, though not right away. This long-term reciprocity is a cornerstone of enduring personal relationships. Ignoring reciprocity in China is not just bad manners; its immoral. If someone is labeled wang en fuyi (one who forgets favors and fails on righteousness and loyalty), it poisons the well for all future business. The second concept we should be aware of is Zhongjian Ren (The Intermediary): Business deals for Americans in China dont have a chance without the zhongjian ren, the intermediary. In the US, we tend to trust others until or unless were given reason not to. In China, suspicion and distrust characterize all meetings with strangers. In business, trust cant be earned because business relationships cant even be formed without it. Instead, trust must be transmitted via guanxi. That is, a trusted business associate of yours must pass you along to his trusted business associates. In China, the crucial first step in this phase of negotiation, called nontask sounding, is finding the personal links to your target organizations or executive. Those links can be hometown, family, school or previous business ties. Whats crucial is that the links be based on personal experience. For example, you call your former classmate and ask him to set up a dinner meeting with his friend. Expensive meals at nice places are key. If things go well, his friend accepts the role of zhongjian ren and in turn sets up a meeting with your potential client or business partner, whom he knows quite well. A talented Chinese go-between in indispensable even after the initial meeting takes place. Consider what happens during a typical Sino-Western negotiation session. Rather than just saying no outright, Chinese businesspeople are more likely to change the subject, turn silent, ask another question, or respond by using ambiguous and vaguely positive expressions with subtle negative implications, such as hai bu cuo (seems not wrong), hai hao (seems fairly all right), and hai xing or hai key i (appears fairly passable). Only a native Chinese speaker can read and explain the moods, intonation, facial expressions and body language Chinese negotiators exhibit during a formal negotiation session. Frequently, only the zhongjian ren can determine whats going on. When an impatient Westerner asks what the Chinese think of a proposal, the respondents will invariably offer to kan kan or yanjiu yanjiu, which means, Let us take a look or Let us study it even if they think the proposal stinks. This is where the zhongjian ren can step in because he is an interpreter not so much or words as of cultures. Often, the two parties can say frankly to the intermediary what they cannot say to each other. In China, the intermediary not the negotiator first brings up the business issue to be discussed. And the intermediary often settles differences. Indeed, we have seen more than one zhongjian ren successfully deal with divisive disagreements. The following is one such case: A VP of a New York-based software company went to Beijing to negotiate a distribution contract with a Chinese research institute. Having attended meetings arranged by the intermediary a former senior executive with the institute the VP was pleased with the progress during the first two days. But on the third day, the two sides became embroiled in a fruitless debate over intellectual property rights. Feeling they were losing face, the Chinese ended the meeting. That night, the VP and the China country manager met with the intermediary. The following day, the intermediary called the head of the institute and worked his magic. In the end, both sides agreed that the intellectual property rights were to be jointly owned, and the contract was signed. Another important concept in Chinese Negotiation is Jiejan (Thrift): Chinas long history of economic and political instability has taught its people to sae their money, a practice known as jiejan. According to market research firm Euromonitor International, mainland Chinese save nearly four times as much of their household income as Americans do. The focus on savings results, in business negotiation, in a lot of bargaining over price usually though haggling. Chinese negotiators will pad their offers with more room to maneuver than most Americans are used to, and they will make concessions on price with great reluctance and only after lengthy discussions. In fact, we have often seen Americans laugh at the Chinese base price or get angry at unreasonable Chinese counteroffers. To make matters worse, the Chinese are adept at using silence as a negotiation tactic. This leaves Americans in the awkward position of negotiating by asking questions, directly or through the intermediary. In defending price positions, the Chinese use patience and silence as formidable weapons against American impatience and volubility. Westerners should not be put off by aggressive first offers by the Chinese; they expect both sides to make concessions eventually, particularly on prices.

The Problem of Population Growth and the Solution of Population Plannin

The Problem of Population Growth and the Solution of Population Planning INTRODUCTION Human population growth, overpopulation, and earth’s biological carrying capacity have been concerns of scientists for many years. In 1679 Antoni van Leeuwenhoek estimated that the maximum number of people Earth can support is 13.4 billion and estimates have continued to vary drastically since then (Cohen, 1995). There are many ecological indicators, including desertification and water problems, which point to the likelihood that we are approaching our limit. There are many sub issues within this overall problem that must be addressed in order to work towards solving this problem, including sustainable living, water shortages, etc. However, the purpose of this paper is to focus on the idea of population control as one possible starting point for a solution. CARRYING CAPACITY It is important to remember that carrying capacity can change with new technology, different use of resources and better resource management. Carrying capacity can also change in the opposite direction due to a catastrophic event or overexploitation of resources. As was mentioned previously, there have been many estimates made on Earth’s carrying capacity since 1679. Estimates have varied greatly, ranging from 1000 billion. Currently the UN’s projection is that Earth can support around 9 billion people (www.prb.org). It is expected that the human population will reach that size by 2050. The current world population is around 6.3 billion. So, many believe that this is becoming, and has been, an imminent problem. According to Cohen, there have been six different methods that have been used to estimate Earth’s human carrying capacity.... ...eved October 31, 2004 from: Population Reference Bureau www.prb.org. Haub, C. & Herstad, B., (July, 2002). Sterilization World’s #1 Contraceptive Method. Retrieved October 31, 2004 from: Population Reference Bureau www.prb.org. Meulenberg, C., (Sept./Oct. 2004). {Definitely}Probably One: A Generation Comes of Age Under China’s One-Child Policy. World Watch, 17, 31. Roudi-Fahimi, F., & Moghadam, V.M., (November, 2003). Empowering Women, Developing Society: Female Education in the Middle East and North Africa. Retrieved October 31, 2004 from: Population Reference Bureau. www.prb.org. UNFPA, (2004). State of the World Population: The Cairo Consensus at Ten: Population, Reproductive Health and the Global Effort to End Poverty. Retrieved October 31, 2004 from: www.unfpa.org. Zi, L., (2004, July 8). Population Planning Paradox. Beijing Review, 47, 22. The Problem of Population Growth and the Solution of Population Plannin The Problem of Population Growth and the Solution of Population Planning INTRODUCTION Human population growth, overpopulation, and earth’s biological carrying capacity have been concerns of scientists for many years. In 1679 Antoni van Leeuwenhoek estimated that the maximum number of people Earth can support is 13.4 billion and estimates have continued to vary drastically since then (Cohen, 1995). There are many ecological indicators, including desertification and water problems, which point to the likelihood that we are approaching our limit. There are many sub issues within this overall problem that must be addressed in order to work towards solving this problem, including sustainable living, water shortages, etc. However, the purpose of this paper is to focus on the idea of population control as one possible starting point for a solution. CARRYING CAPACITY It is important to remember that carrying capacity can change with new technology, different use of resources and better resource management. Carrying capacity can also change in the opposite direction due to a catastrophic event or overexploitation of resources. As was mentioned previously, there have been many estimates made on Earth’s carrying capacity since 1679. Estimates have varied greatly, ranging from 1000 billion. Currently the UN’s projection is that Earth can support around 9 billion people (www.prb.org). It is expected that the human population will reach that size by 2050. The current world population is around 6.3 billion. So, many believe that this is becoming, and has been, an imminent problem. According to Cohen, there have been six different methods that have been used to estimate Earth’s human carrying capacity.... ...eved October 31, 2004 from: Population Reference Bureau www.prb.org. Haub, C. & Herstad, B., (July, 2002). Sterilization World’s #1 Contraceptive Method. Retrieved October 31, 2004 from: Population Reference Bureau www.prb.org. Meulenberg, C., (Sept./Oct. 2004). {Definitely}Probably One: A Generation Comes of Age Under China’s One-Child Policy. World Watch, 17, 31. Roudi-Fahimi, F., & Moghadam, V.M., (November, 2003). Empowering Women, Developing Society: Female Education in the Middle East and North Africa. Retrieved October 31, 2004 from: Population Reference Bureau. www.prb.org. UNFPA, (2004). State of the World Population: The Cairo Consensus at Ten: Population, Reproductive Health and the Global Effort to End Poverty. Retrieved October 31, 2004 from: www.unfpa.org. Zi, L., (2004, July 8). Population Planning Paradox. Beijing Review, 47, 22.

The Differences in the Fall of the House of Usher and the House of Usher

Mrs. Matthews Juniors H. English November 02, 2012 The short story, â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher,† and the movie, the House of Usher, are two very unalike pieces of work. The House of Usher is a poor representation of â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher,† for not staying true to the real production by Edgar Allan Poe. Although the movie has a few noticeable similarities, Hollywood loses the true value and the plot of the original short story. The House of Usher creates a whole new story, that takes the name of the story, but ruins the masterpiece already done by Poe. The Fall of the House of Usher,† is one of the popular horror stories written by Poe. And it's remarkable plot, is lost in the production of the House of Usher .In the short story the plot is rather simple, Roderick and Madeline Usher are the last of the Ushers who are suffering from incurable diseases. Roderick suffers from â€Å"a morbid acuteness of the senses,† while Madeline suffe rs from â€Å".. a settled apathy, a gradual wasting away of the person, or frequent although transient affections of a partly cataleptical character.. This disease gives her a deathlike look, making her body lose its feeling, and loses consciousness. Madeline falls into her deathlike symptoms and is thought of as being dead. Roderick and his friend, carry her into the dungeon and keep her there in her coffin. Where she then awakens and frees herself. Covered in her own blood, she kills Roderick by being too frightened by the sight, and the unnamed narrator flees the house. Whereas in the House of Usher there are only a few of these events that take place.In both the movie and short story the Ushers have a incurable, unidentified disease in which dooms them to their horrible deaths. However, Roderick somehow believes he is being controlled by the house he lives in and believes he must do the same things his family has done and to die in the same house he lived in his whole life. Du e to his disease, he hears every little noise, its like a piercing to his brain. The disease is mainly mental, and gets tormented by his fear, and predicts this fear will be the death of him.The producer of the House of Usher had to make the changes to the short story because he needed the people to understand the story from a different point of view, and to understand the meaning behind Poe's story. Poe tried to connect The short story of sickness, horror and death Poe relates this story to his life from his mother(s) and wife who died from the incurable disease of tuberculosis, and connects it to the Ushers who cannot escape their deaths just like those

Bio Answers

Lecture Quiz- 10/9/2010 Answer Key 1. The scientific study of life is called: A. biology B. ecology C. anatomy D. biochemistry E. limnology 2. Human beings are _______________ because they are composed of many cell types. A. unicellular B. acellular C. asymmetrical D. autotrophic E. multicellular 3. A/an _______ is composed of a group of similar cells that perform a particular function. A. organ B. system C. organism D. tissue E. population 4. Choose the CORRECT order (1-5) of increasing complexity/organization. A. 1) tissues, (2) organ systems, (3) cells, (4) organs, (5) organism B. (1) cells, (2) organ systems, (3) tissues, (4) organs, (5) organism C. (1) tissues, (2) organs, (3) organ systems, (4) cells, (5) organism D. (1) cells, (2) tissues, (3) organs, (4) organ systems, (5) organism 5. In an experiment designed to test the effect of temperature on goldfish respiration, the temperatures that were changed represent the ______ variable. A. control B. responding C. experimental D. correlative E. placebo 6. Which of the following is considered a basic tissue type?A. epithelial B. connective C. muscle D. nervous E. All of the above 7. ____________ exist as small biconcave blood cells that lack a nucleus when they are mature and carry oxygen throughout the body. A. Neutrophils B. Erythrocytes C. Platelets D. Monocytes E. Lymphocytes 8. ___________ receives sensory input, integrates data, and conducts impulses. A. Epithelial tissue B. Connective tissue C. Muscular tissue D. Nervous tissue E. Vascular tissue 9. The phospholipid bilayer that surrounds/maintains the integrity of a cell is called a: A. plasma membrane B.Sanger enclosure C. hydrophobic membrane D. dialysis membrane E. mosaic membrane 10. _____________ are small membranous structures that occur within the cell and have various functions. A. Matrices B. Organelles C. Cytoskeleton D. Golgi bodies E. Ribosomes 11. In the fluid-mosaic model of the plasma membrane, the phospholipid molecules are oriented s o that the _____________ heads are facing the outside environment and the ________________ tails are facing the interior of the membrane. A. hydrophobic, hydrophilic B. hydrophilic, hydrophobic C. utotrophic, heterotrophic D. heterotrophic, autotrophic E. ectothermic, endothermic 12. The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane is called: A. denaturation B. osmosis C. dispersion D. dissociation E. reconstitution 13. Choose the CORRECT statement about solute concentrations or particles inside and outside the cell. A. In a hypertonic solution, there are more particles inside the cell. B. In a hypotonic solution, there are more particles outside the cell. C. In an isotonic solution the number of particles is equal. D.Lysis usually occurs when a cell is exposed to hypertonic solutions. E. Lysis occurs when a cell is exposed to an isotonic solution 14. The assisted transport of a molecule across the cell membrane without an expenditure of energy is known as ______. A. diffusio n B. facilitated transport C. active transport D. osmosis E. None of the choices are correct. 15. The _______ is a stack of slightly curved saccules that are important in packaging and secretion. A. mitochondria B. vacuoles C. Golgi apparatus D. lysosomes E. Endoplasmic reticulum 16.Molecular biologists have determined that during protein synthesis that the messenger RNA exits the nucleus through small openings in the nuclear envelope. These openings are known as ____. A. nuclear pores B. nucleoli C. Golgi bodies D. lysosomes E. peroxisomes 17. Glycolysis occurs within the ___________ and the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain occur within the _____________. A. mitochondrion, cytoplasm B. mitochondrion, plasma membrane C. cytoplasm, mitochondrion D. cytoplasm, lysosome E. plasma membrane, cytoplasm 18.The formation of ______ bonds involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another nearby atom. A. covalent B. ionic C. hydrogen D. polar E. all of the above 19. In an acidic solution: A. the number of H+ is less than the number of OHB. the number of OH- is greater than the number of H+ C. the number of H+ is equal to the number of OHD. the number of H+ is greater than the number of OHE. none of the above 20. Glucose breakdown leads to _________. A. DNA replication B. ATP buildup C. RNA synthesis D. ATP degradation E. ADP breakdown

Free Essays on Goals And Aspirations

It’s unbelievable how each year, since the beginning of high school, my perfectly laid plans for myself have unavoidably deteriorated. When I entered my freshman year, I had aspirations of being a doctor (something I had wanted to be since I was a child). Now, here I am entering my junior year in high school without any idea of what I want to do. Now seems to be the time to start taking life seriously and making responsible, educated choices. Looking back on it now, I realize that I cannot become the doctor I wanted to be. I have come to realize that, that dream was not only my own, but a dream of my family. My parents often talked of me becoming a doctor and although their enthusiasm continued throughout my childhood and early adolescence, until finally I realized I did not want to become a doctor. I remember how hard it seemed to tell my parents of my decision, I felt as if I was letting them down, but I eventually came to realize that they wanted me to do what made me happy. I am not sure of why I changed my mind of becoming a doctor, I had the grades and the willingness, but somewhere I was missing something and I felt that I would not be satisfied in a medical career. So I started thinking about what I wanted to do; I went from electronics to law enforcement, engineering, and numerous other professions. Now I come to a point in my life where I must choose what to do with my future, choose what will make me happy. I have always wanted the typical dream, to have a stable job that pays well, and a house in the suburbs. But now I realize that there are so many other steps I need to take in order to achieve these goals. This includes graduating from high school and college and finding that perfect job. I have begun to realize that I have yet to begin my life, everything up until now has been practice for the real world. My one goal for the future is... Free Essays on Goals And Aspirations Free Essays on Goals And Aspirations It’s unbelievable how each year, since the beginning of high school, my perfectly laid plans for myself have unavoidably deteriorated. When I entered my freshman year, I had aspirations of being a doctor (something I had wanted to be since I was a child). Now, here I am entering my junior year in high school without any idea of what I want to do. Now seems to be the time to start taking life seriously and making responsible, educated choices. Looking back on it now, I realize that I cannot become the doctor I wanted to be. I have come to realize that, that dream was not only my own, but a dream of my family. My parents often talked of me becoming a doctor and although their enthusiasm continued throughout my childhood and early adolescence, until finally I realized I did not want to become a doctor. I remember how hard it seemed to tell my parents of my decision, I felt as if I was letting them down, but I eventually came to realize that they wanted me to do what made me happy. I am not sure of why I changed my mind of becoming a doctor, I had the grades and the willingness, but somewhere I was missing something and I felt that I would not be satisfied in a medical career. So I started thinking about what I wanted to do; I went from electronics to law enforcement, engineering, and numerous other professions. Now I come to a point in my life where I must choose what to do with my future, choose what will make me happy. I have always wanted the typical dream, to have a stable job that pays well, and a house in the suburbs. But now I realize that there are so many other steps I need to take in order to achieve these goals. This includes graduating from high school and college and finding that perfect job. I have begun to realize that I have yet to begin my life, everything up until now has been practice for the real world. My one goal for the future is...

Brand Marketing and Communication Challenges for Mercedes

Brand Marketing and Communication Challenges for Mercedes Branding, marketing and communications are critical aspects of any business. These elements carry the message that a company hopes to send to its potential and existing clients. These three aspects of business are vital for successful relationships with clients.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Brand Marketing and Communication Challenges for Mercedes-Benz specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The purpose of this paper is to examine the fundamentals of branding, marketing and communications in an effort to identify the challenges businesses face in their implementation. Based on this examination, the paper will investigate how Mercedes-Benz handles the associated challenges, and the lessons that other businesses can learn from Mercedes-Benz. Fundamentals of Branding Branding refers to the effort an organization puts towards differentiating itself and its products from its competitors. On the other hand, a brand is a specif ic product, organization, or item. Any misconception about these two concepts can lead to strategic blunders. Building a brand is not necessarily the same as branding, but it involves branding. Effective branding requires the use of several elements. These elements include a logo, sounds, colors, and a slogan of a brand. Branding is about using these elements, alongside others to create a unique set of attributes for a product. Collectively, the brand elements can help a product to achieve brand personality. One of the important issues to consider during the branding process is developing the brand definition. A brand definition is a succinct expression of what constitutes the brand. It is important to develop a brand definition early in the branding process because it helps the team dealing with the process to choose the elements they need to emphasize. The final concept for consideration in the branding process is brand focus. Many branding efforts fail because of lack of focus. B rands with a high level of focus tend to have greater success in the market. Whenever organizations use a single brand to represent a wide range of products, the brand fails to form a lasting impression in the minds of consumers. In other words, it lacks focus. The challenges associated with branding vary from business to business. In the context of the analysis presented above, these challenges fall into four categories. The first category of challenges relates to the challenge of distinguishing between brands and branding. Essentially, all products are brands.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, not all products have undergone branding. In the first case, firms spend money on RD and come up with a product that meets perceived consumer needs. All efforts that go into product development build the brand. However, branding requires the firm to take this message to the consumer. The second challenge arises from the choice of brand elements needed to communicate the features of the brand. The choice of colors, logos, taglines, and sounds associated with a brand can mean the difference between successful branding and poor branding. Many firms fail to find ways of developing brand elements that stand out because of the failure to appreciate their impact on branding. The third challenge that firms face when carrying our branding exercises is failure to define their brand. The basis for this failure is the inability or unwillingness to choose the most important aspects of the brand. Products can meet several needs, and the creators usually want consumers to understand all these capabilities. However, communicating all the features of the brand at once results in blurry communication. The final challenge that firms face when carrying out branding exercises is lack of focus. Many firms believe that developing new brands from scratch is expensive. Therefore, they create new product lines under established brands. However, splitting the focus of a brand can lead to erosion of the value of the brand. Mercedes-Benz handles its branding effectively. Anyone who hears of the name Mercedes-Benz thinks about a stylish high-end car that will cause heads to turn. The branding success of Mercedes-Benz can help other firms make branding decisions. Mercedes-Benz is a respected brand because of its long history. The company has a very strong brand reputation based on superior performance, and stylish designs. The choice of brand elements for the Mercedes-Benz reflects the clarity of thinking in the branding process. The company decided to use the three-pointed star as its logo early in the twentieth century, and still uses it to date. In addition, the company’s tagline, â€Å"the best, or nothing† clearly shows it is intentionally positioning itself as a top-of-the-range product. From the onset, the makers of the Mercedes-Be nz were keen to have a clear definition of their product. Mercedes-Benz did not start as a low-end model. From inception, its makers were targeting the high-end market even when the motor industry was nascent. This means that the brand definition for the Mercedes-Benz automobiles has not changed since its inception.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Brand Marketing and Communication Challenges for Mercedes-Benz specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Fundamentals of Communication Communication in business is a sensitive component of service delivery. With the advent of the internet, the number of communication channels has increased. In addition, the traditional channels have also become more efficient at delivering large quantities of information. For instance, television channels nowadays have news anchors reading the news as ribbons run at the bottom of the same screen. In many instances, the item the anchor reads is usua lly not the same as the items on the ribbons. The amount of noise in communication channels is also on the increase. TV commercials are too many. Advertisements on billboards compete with those in newspapers and magazines, as well as those on branded accessories. The bombardment of commercial messages is so high that people have adapted by filtering adverts out of their minds. The internet on the other hand has created new communication channels within the last two decades. Social media is the most popular form of communication today. Email is still used by many businesses to communicate with clients, and for marketing. In addition, the internet has made it possible for people to communicate using Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) through services such as Skype. Instant communication is also available via both text and video chat. All these options are available to small and large firms. The challenges that many firms are facing include getting through to potential customers, publ ic relations (PR), and choosing an effective mix of communication channels. The challenge of getting through to potential clients arises from information overload. The ease of communication facilitated by technology is overwhelming people with information. An analysis of the information sources that people deal with on any day shows that a typical consumer must distinguish from thousands of messages on a daily basis. Consumers have developed defense mechanisms that enable them to switch off messages that do not stand out. The impact of this on advertising is that if a communication medium fails to capture the attention of customers, it is a total waste. The second challenge that firms face is PR management. PR is an important component of business communication. The increasing influence of social media platforms and the increasing ease of online publishing have complicated the work of PR managers. A firm’s reputation may suffer irreparable damage if it fails to monitor the is sues clients raise in the social media. This is even more challenging for small firms because they cannot afford to retain full time PR professionals to monitor their online reputation. Bigger firms either hire the services from PR firms or employ people to manage their social media activities.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The third challenge associated with communication that many firms must deal with is determining an effective mix of communication channels. There is a multiplicity of channels, and the level of effectiveness of each channel varies. The lessons that other firms can learn from Mercedes-Benz when it comes to communication include the following. First, Mercedes-Benz advertises its vehicles in niche markets. This reduces the wastage associated with untargeted advertisements. The company advertises its cars through its website, in car magazines, and on high-end television channels. The communication channels chosen by Mercedes-Benz are based on the brand positioning of the vehicles. Secondly, the company manages its PR activities internally because it can afford to hire PR professionals. The lesson here is that even if a firm cannot hire PR professionals, it can outsource online monitoring to PR firms. Thirdly, Mercedes-Benz uses an optimized list of communication channels. Mercedes-Benz has a strong social media presence, with YouTube channels, Facebook pages, and Twitter accounts. In addition, Mercedes-Benz publishes information in conventional media such as car magazines, business magazines, and television. The lesson here is that every firm must strive to find the best mix of communication channels in order to communicate effectively with all its clients. Fundamentals of Marketing Marketing is making the consumer aware of the presence of a product, with the aim of making a sale. Making sales is not the immediate concern of a marketing effort. However, the marketing cycle ends with the successful conversion of prospective customers, to paying customers. Marketing approaches vary depending on the products on offer. The two main choices in terms of overall strategy are whether a company should use mass marketing or niche marketing strategies. Mass marketing usually applies to fast moving consumer goods. Niche marketing on the other hand concentrates on specific mar ket segments. The role of marketing is to inform consumers about the availability of products that can meet a need in their lives. This is the informational attribute of marketing. However, marketing also aims at turning uninformed consumers into potential customers. The work of a marketer is to ensure that when the consumer needs the product, he will turn to the brand that the marketer introduced. The development of marketing strategies usually depends on the four Ps. The four Ps are product, price, placement, and promotion. The Product is the brand sold to consumers. Price is the cost a consumer will pay to acquire the product. Setting a price is a process that involves an evaluation of the value customers attach to the product, against the cost that it takes to produce the product. Pricing is an experimental process aimed at making the most, without scaring off customers. Placement is the location customers find a product. Mass marketing usually goes hand in hand with mass availa bility of a product. Niche marketing on the other hand goes hand in hand with niche placement. Promotion refers to the element of marketing that encourages consumers to make a purchase. Marketing is very challenging because of the limited data available to marketing professionals at the beginning of marketing campaigns, especially when introducing new products. The projections developed by marketers depend on past trends. Fundamental shifts in the market can erode the value of reasonable projections. Many firms also face challenges associated with how to position their products. At time is it unclear which strategy will yield the best results. If a firm is capable of reducing manufacturing costs to a minimum, then it can survive as a low cost producer with a mass-market orientation. This position has risks associated with competition because competitors can copy the business model. On the other hand developing a product that consumers will be willing to pay a premium requires more r esources for RD, and very strong branding. Firms that try to get into premium markets without a strong financial base run the risk of making huge losses. Many firms also struggle when it comes to placing their products. Product distribution is very challenging especially for startups. It is expensive to set up distribution points and it is very difficult to get shelf space in existing retail avenues without a product that has a proven record of accomplishment. The challenge of promotion relates to making the appropriate choices in regards to promotion tactics. Often, a good strategy needs time and money to develop. The lessons that firms can learn from Mercedes-Benz are as follows. First, focusing on developing a strong brand can be costly in the short term but is a very good strategy for generating long-term growth. Secondly, marketing needs to be aligned with the overall strategy of the business. Mercedes-Benz vehicles have always been developed for the high-end market and the mar keting strategies used reflect this choice. Priority Areas for Action In the context of the above discussions and the lessons derived from the business practices of Mercedes-Benz, the following are the priority areas that all firms need to prioritize. On branding, any firm that does not have a branding strategy needs to think about it. In this regard, there is need to define the attributes of the brand. This requires making a deliberate choice when picking the brand element such as logos and taglines to ensure that they reflect the central message the company want to send to consumers. On communication, the challenges that firms must deal with have increased in tandem with the growth of the IT sector. The first communication priority area for firms is defining the central message of the brand. Secondly, firms must choose the right mix of communication channels to handle communication. PR management is also a priority area because of the high impact of bad press on a company. In the area of marketing, the priority areas are as follows. First, every firm must define its marketing target, and the best pricing. Novel items work well in the high-end market, while daily use items work well in the mass-market, where price may be a key factor for consumers. The second area of interest for firms in marketing should be the application of the four Ps of marketing. These four Ps will help every firm to determine the specific issues needed to make the marketing effort a success. The firms must realize that the best long-term approach to marketing is the development of a strong brand. Reference List Ferrell, OC Hartline, MD 2008, Marketing Strategy, Cengage Learning, New York, NY. Holmes, D 2005, Communication Theory: Media, Technology, and Society, SAGE, London, UK. Mercedes-Benz 2013, Mercedes-Benz, https://www.mercedes-benz.com/en/. Thomas, A 2011, Strategies for Branding Success, eBooklt.com, New York.

Get a Description and Diagram of Thalamus Gray Matter

Get a Description and Diagram of Thalamus Gray Matter Thalamus: The thalamus is a large, dual lobed mass of gray matter buried under the cerebral cortex. It is involved in sensory perception and regulation of motor functions. The thalamus is a limbic system structure and it connects areas of the cerebral cortex that are involved in sensory perception and movement with other parts of the brain and spinal cord that also have a role in sensation and movement. As a regulator of sensory information, the thalamus also controls sleep and awake states of consciousness. The thalamus sends out signals in the brain to reduce the perception of and response to sensory information, such as sound during sleep. Function: The thalamus is involved in several functions of the body including: Motor ControlReceives Auditory, Somatosensory, and Visual Sensory SignalsRelays Sensory Signals to the Cerebral Cortex Memory Formation and Emotional ExpressionPain PerceptionControls Sleep and Awake States The thalamus has nerve connections with the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. In addition, connections with the spinal cord allow the thalamus to receive sensory information from the peripheral nervous system and various regions of the body. This information is then sent to the appropriate area of the brain for processing. For example, the thalamus sends touch sensory information to the somatosensory cortex of the parietal lobes. It sends visual information to the visual cortex of the occipital lobes and auditory signals are sent to the auditory cortex of the temporal lobes. Location: Directionally, the thalamus is situated at the top of the brainstem, between the cerebral cortex and midbrain. It is superior to the hypothalamus. Divisions: The thalamus is divided into three sections by the internal medullary lamina. This Y-shaped layer of white matter formed of myelinated fibers divides the thalamus into anterior, medial, and lateral parts. Diencephalon: The thalamus is a component of the diencephalon. The diencephalon is one of two major divisions of the forebrain. It consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus (including the pineal gland), and subthalamus (ventral thalamus). Diencephalon structures form the floor and lateral wall of the third ventricle. The third ventricle is part of a system of linked cavities (cerebral ventricles) in the brain that extend to form the central canal of the spinal cord. Thalamus Damage: Damage to the thalamus may result in a number of problems related to sensory perception. Thalamic syndrome is condition that causes an individual to experience excessive pain or a loss of sensation in limbs. Damage to areas of the thalamus that are associated with visual sensory processing can cause visual field problems. Damage to the thalamus can also result in sleep disorders, memory problems, and auditory issues.

Canthaxanthin in salmon (additive) Research Paper

Canthaxanthin in salmon (additive) - Research Paper Example The food coloring has had a fair share of controversy. To some of the people the coloring material is not warranted since it makes the feeds assume an artificial outlook. The approval of the food has been made such that it can be both added to the foods taken by the animals as well as the rest of the foods that people take. The oral intake of the additive leads to the deposition of the chemical in the liver and the skin of the salmon and other animals that take the feeds made from the additive. However, even if the deposition of the additive takes place in the tissues mentioned above, it is practical to consider the flesh of the organisms as another potential area for the deposition of the material. The additive is a major component of the residues that are present in the target tissues of the salmon. This is a residue of concern, and the rest of the residues are not important (Ricardo-Campbell, 1974). The approach used in the testing of the residues is the focus on the Trans isomer of the component. The scientific committee of food in the European Union made an assessment on the effects of Canthaxanthin in 1983, 1989 and 1990. The committee continued to make recommendations for the reduction of the quantities in the foods that come from animals that take the feeds that have products. The scientific committee on food concluded in 1997 that the lowest level that the additive could be allowed in animal feeds ought to result in effects lower than 0.25mg/kg bw/ day (Ruse & Castle, 2002). However, the recommendations were made with the view that the chances were not pathologically significant. The levels were also not indicative of the damage that they would have on the human retina functionality. However, the proposals were made in consideration of the safety levels that society would have to attain. The test was conducted in

Capital punishment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Capital punishment - Research Paper Example Advocates of death penalty argue that it should be given to hardcore criminals in order to reduce or control crime rates in a country whereas critics believe that death penalty should be avoided in all circumstances, as it is not a proper mean to punish criminals in a civilized world like ours. This paper analyses various dimensions of death penalty in detail. One of the major arguments against capital punishment is that â€Å"it never allows a criminal to change his behavior as in the case of other forms of punishments† (Kartha). It should be noted that the character of a human can be changed as time goes on. Nobody will get a second chance to live or correct his mistakes once he has been given capital punishment. Life is the most precious thing in this world and it should be honored and respected as much as possible. Even after huge developments, in science and technology, the secrets behind life are still unknown to us. Only the creator knows the secrets of his creations. U nder these circumstances, critics of death penalty argue that killing of a criminal may not be the suitable way of punishment. In their opinion, both the criminal and the criminal justice system do the same thing while declaring capital punishment to a criminal. ... One of the major core principles of the criminal justice system is that no innocent person should be punished even if thousands of criminals escaped. However, these principles are often been violated by the courts. Nobody can guarantee that court procedures are free of errors. Humans can commit mistakes. If that is true, courts controlled by human elements can also commit mistakes. It should be noted that after taking a life, nobody can return it once the offenders realize their mistakes. The above principle is true in the case of courts also. According to Kantian ethical theories, â€Å"even a person guilty of murder is to be treated with a certain sort of dignity, because even the murderer is still a person -- still an end in himself† (Stairs). If capital punishment is unethical and illegal, the question, how hardcore criminals should be handled or punished, is relevant. Nobody can assure that criminals such as Osama Bin Laden may change their behavior over a period of time. If they were released from jails, they may continue their criminal behavior and innocent civilians may lose their lives again. Under these circumstances, supporters of capital punishment argue that hardcore criminals should be executed with immediate effect in order to save the lives of others. In their opinion, a criminal who is responsible for killing innocent people does not have the right to live in this world. â€Å"It is said that when a criminal is given a capital punishment, it dissuades others in the society from committing such serious crimes. They would refrain from such crimes due to fear of losing their lives†( Kartha). In the absence of severe punishments such as capital punishment, the motivation for criminal activities may increase

Sociopathic Personality Disorder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sociopathic Personality Disorder - Essay Example The essay "Sociopathic Personality Disorder" talks about the Sociopathic Personality Disorder, a mental health condition that involves a disorder or disability of mind, which may or may not be accompanied by a noticeable impairment in the intelligence, which makes a patient act in a manner that either tends to be aggressive. Most of the sociopaths happen to be males and they persistently behave in a manner which is incompatible with their culture. Sociopaths depict a serious inability to learn from experience. Sociopaths are seriously incapable of delaying the need for immediate gratifications. They lack the capacity to retain relationships for a long time. They are highly unstable in the personal, professional and social aspects of their life, resulting in scenarios like unstable careers, tendency to frequently change residence, multiple sex partners, etc. The symptoms may also include substance abuse and criminal behavior. It has been found that roughly 5 percent of the patients su ffering from Sociopathic Personality Disorder commit suicide. Psychotherapy in groups comprising of other sociopaths has been found to be quite effective in the management of Sociopathic Personality Disorder. The whole objective of this psychotherapy is to help the patients take responsibility for their own actions and behavior. Individual psychotherapy has been found to be ineffective owing to a lack of compliance. Antipsychotics like Lithium are often sometimes resorted to, to control and manage aggression and mood swings in sociopaths.

Benefits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Benefits - Essay Example Article 14 also addresses the benefits for the disable employees either accidently or permanently. Advantages can be given to the employees who were former to companies died within the time of one year of their resignation and accidental deaths without the negligence are paid even after more than one year resignation from the companies by the employers. This article effects the people who are in job and who are providing jobs. The idea of retirement is a very foremost idea and a mean to retain their efficient employees. This inspiration also develops the loyalty among the employees towards the organizations and sense to remain adheres to employers so that find work-life balance. My view for this discussion is because when the workers feel that employer or the organization’s management is concerned about their lives on the job and here after i-e after job, they would not be more reluctant to contribute little past of their wages and salaries to the funds created. The retirement benefits include the employees with 20 minimum and 30 maximum years of service credits. For example elaborating the concept of escalation, the employee working in an organization has service credit less than 25 years but more than 20 years qualify the benefits of partial escalation. And the worker with full or more than 25 years of service tenure is a qualified for the advantages of full escalation. Escalation basically is a process in which increment and decline is done in the amount each year in the month of April on the basis of â€Å"cost of living† index. Academia can get to know the benefits prevailing regarding the retirement of employees. The basic objective attached to this perspective is to get contribution by the employees and to eliminate reluctance for the contribution made for the funds from the employees’ salaries. Business world can inculcate this initiative in their employee management programs so that they could increase the performance of the

Jewish History Response Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Jewish History Response Paper - Essay Example This article effectively and efficiently handles these issues into various distinctive perspectives that are analytical and constructive in order to come up with a theoretical framework that can adequately assist in the fieldwork operations. The concept of analytic perspective adequately explores the ideal of understanding the challenges of the Jews in the United States in the last century. Through this exploration, there is an analysis of a post-ethical perspective that greatly favors voluntary over the involuntary associations. This will therefore balance an appreciation for various communities that are approved with a determination to create room for new communities plus promoting scholarly issues that incorporate solidarity through a wide scope of people with different racial and ethnic backgrounds. The post ethnic perspective will always hinder the basement of moral values and knowledge within individuals and the history of events though the operations within the past generation will detect that most of the ideas and values were at one point considered to be international and more precise on particular cultures. In the communities where ethnicity used to act as the core factor of identity, there is a crucial claim that the diversion in post ethnicity in the United States has made the American society to present distinctive challenges. Surprisingly, it is impossible to exactly trace and identify the actual period that the post ethical shift or rather conversion took place because there has always been an argument that these issues has been growing for approximately the past two decades. This article further argues that at the time an ethnic connection or rather bond is broken into a multi racial or multi ethnic integration then the historic or olden strategies that the Jewish facilitated to meet the requisites for survival of both the Judaism and

Universal Design of Instruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Universal Design of Instruction - Essay Example That is, the product or environment is designed in such a way that it satisfies the needs of a variety of users including those who are physically disabled. The Center for Universal Design (CUD) at the North Carolina State University established seven principles for UD (Burgstahler, 2009), which provides the basis for all applications of UD including for instructional purposes. These form a general architectural paradigm and are listed in the table below. By applying the general principles of UD to teaching, we can derive guidelines for instruction to students, which are called UDI. The CUD defines UDI as â€Å"the design of instruction to be usable by all students, without the need for adaptation or specialized design†. A prominent figure that applied UD principles to education was Frank Bowe (2000). A related concept is Universal Design for Learning (UDL), which the Center for Applied Special Technology (CAST) defines as â€Å"a framework for designing curricula that enables all individuals to gain knowledge, skills, and enthusiasm for learning†. Thus, the classroom environment, curriculum, instructional materials and procedures, facilities etc. can all be designed in a way that they fulfill the needs of a variety of students. The students may have a range of abilities, learning styles, and backgrounds and this includes disabled students especially. There are two further benefits of UDI: one is that it minimizes the need to arrange for accommodating students with special needs, and another is that specific features of the UDI benefit not only the type of students for which it is intended but also others. For example, captioning in instructional videos is done to help the deaf but other students can also derive benefit. CAST clarifies that by being universal, it is not intended that the instruction be suitable for every type of learner; rather, â€Å"it is meant to underscore the need

Jewish History Response Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Jewish History Response Paper - Essay Example This article effectively and efficiently handles these issues into various distinctive perspectives that are analytical and constructive in order to come up with a theoretical framework that can adequately assist in the fieldwork operations. The concept of analytic perspective adequately explores the ideal of understanding the challenges of the Jews in the United States in the last century. Through this exploration, there is an analysis of a post-ethical perspective that greatly favors voluntary over the involuntary associations. This will therefore balance an appreciation for various communities that are approved with a determination to create room for new communities plus promoting scholarly issues that incorporate solidarity through a wide scope of people with different racial and ethnic backgrounds. The post ethnic perspective will always hinder the basement of moral values and knowledge within individuals and the history of events though the operations within the past generation will detect that most of the ideas and values were at one point considered to be international and more precise on particular cultures. In the communities where ethnicity used to act as the core factor of identity, there is a crucial claim that the diversion in post ethnicity in the United States has made the American society to present distinctive challenges. Surprisingly, it is impossible to exactly trace and identify the actual period that the post ethical shift or rather conversion took place because there has always been an argument that these issues has been growing for approximately the past two decades. This article further argues that at the time an ethnic connection or rather bond is broken into a multi racial or multi ethnic integration then the historic or olden strategies that the Jewish facilitated to meet the requisites for survival of both the Judaism and

COM 200 Communication building a Relationship Essay Example for Free

COM 200 Communication building a Relationship Essay Communication is going to be the cornerstone of any relationship; trust is going to be the heart of what makes any relationship beat and overwhelming love will be how any relationship will last. Taking the opportunity to learn more in depth about your interpersonal relationship with yourself and your partner can strengthen a relationship; therefore, taking such opportunities should be looked upon as a rehabilitation tool or a hinder on what you need to possibly improve to make a relationship work. One feature that interferes with communication with anyone whom you want to have a conversation with is barriers. Barriers are typically the reason that communication falters between individuals; therefore, it’s important to have an understanding of the conversation and be a listener. A recent article from the website skillsyouneed.com.uk mentions â€Å"Barriers may lead to your message becoming distorted and you therefore risk wasting both time and/or money by causing confusion and misunderstanding.† Overcoming barriers involves effective communication, especially when barriers hinder conveying a clear and concise message. Being aware of language barriers, physical outside sources like noise to nonverbal communication can and will effect a conversation. Have you ever tried to hold a conversation with a friend or family member while in a crowded restaurant, that not only had screaming or crying children but adults yelling at a television that was mounted and playing a sports show such as an NFL game will in this establishment? Under those circumstances, it’s rather amazing that a conversation can be heard, let alone understood. Many people may rely on nonverbal communication during times like those via using mediated communication such as text messaging between one another. A downfall during media communication is that your true emotions cannot be correctly stated when they are read, but so many individuals rely on mediated communication devices instead of face-to-face time. Increase of media communication has benefitted the majority of society to keep in touch with their family members, â€Å"A majority of those surveyed (83%) considers going online to be a â€Å"helpful† form of communication among family members† (Connecting Generations (2012)). Another negative about media communication is how people portray themselves through such social networks like facebook, myspace to name a few. Unfortunately, our world is not a safe place, and thanks to pedophiles, neither are social networks. Even having the knowledge of barriers that are being conducted during your conversation does not mean the receiver acknowledges the sender’s message and is willing to participate with the conversation. Some individuals just have the lack of interest in the topic at hand and decide not to maintain communication between others. You need to make sure that each person has a desire to have a rappaport and animated feelings about the conversation or you could end up with receiving a lot of â€Å"Umm†, â€Å"Yea† or a head nod. The impact that our nonverbal communication can provide a conversation and enlighten someone to what is actually going through the other person’s mind can drive a conversation instead of just relying on the power of words. It can be the simplest nonverbal communication as holding hands will driving down the road, leaving a simple gesture as a flower or having someone just smile that can impact how your day may go or end. â€Å"The best communicators are sensitive to the power of the emotions and thoughts communicated nonverbally. Nonverbal communication is the single most powerful form of communication,† stated Susan Heathfield (2013). You don’t have to say any words for what you feel you need to gesture, it’ not always necessary too. Without realization of what you are doing with your body language, facial expressions or hand gestures, you are providing the other person your true thoughts and feeling without having to say a single word. It’s about being able to read an individual with your eyes instead of listening to how they are speaking to you. One of the most important emotions someone can provide you is the sense of touch: on the cheek to trace a tear, a hug for comfort or a kiss on your lips just because they were overwhelmed with the fact that they miss you. One experience I have found with nonverbal communication is the rolling of eyes during a conversation. It shows the lack of interest, platen disrespect to the person talking and how uneducated someone is in common courtesy. I have been experiencing this particular nonverbal disrespect in my line of work for years and I have noticed how my own children have started to pick it up with some of their peers. Needless to say, we have talked about it and we are trying to improve. Unless you learn how to curb your nonverbal communication, you are capable of being read like an open book; however, there are those that flaunt nonverbal communication which is read incorrectly leading to perception, which can hinder a relationship. Perception is one of the biggest evils when it comes to any type of relationship, friend or romantic, because it’s showing a lack of trust, which is the heart of any relationship. Without perception, I believe people wouldn’t have a way to gossip or speculate about what they don’t have a clue about. The only people that truly know what is going on is those directly involved in the situation at hand; therefore, perception is what others think and want others to believe about said relationship based of their gossipy words. Words have the magical capability to create and affect attitude, behavior or perception of an individual that is being looked at from the outside; therefore, communication and the builtment of trust before judgment would accommodate any relationship. Attitude in a relationship can hinder it, even if said attitude is not specifically coming from your intimate partner. Your attitude from work can continue until you are home, during a nice dinner with your significant other and cause a conflict that wasn’t present before. I recommend establishing a rule that allows each individual to vent about their day for a maximum of ten minutes, and then they can’t mention it anymore and must enjoy their family time. We realized this works great for all family members since it’s a controlled release of all of our emotions that is not directed to anyone specific. Nan Russell wrote in his article for JobsBankUSA, â€Å"Communication that builds trust is a dialogue, with a fountain built from integrity, forthrightness and honesty.† Without those three, you can’t build trust which results in the lack of communication and therefore, no relationship. Possessing integrity and never waiving from it shows that you have principles and you will do what is right at all times. If you waive from it, your forthrightness should be direct about what you did wrong, regardless of how petty it may seem to you, because it may mean everything to the other individual. Honesty is going to be what holds your relationship together; lies are never welcomed in any type of relationship. But you need to realize outside judgment may weight heavier with your significant other or your closest friends. Outside judgment of an individual can drastically affect their attitude, behavior and how they are perceived, not just from others, but how they see themselves; therefore, they seek communication with someone they trust. Nothing hurts more than unkind words, regardless if the person knows you personally or not. People don’t realize that some take what they hear about themselves literally, and some have taken to the bullying they have endured over the years by, unfortunately, taking their lives. Projecting a better attitude than what those people are saying shows that you are the bigger person and that you feel that regardless of what any one individual may say about you, you have your own best interest at heart, and perception doesn’t mean anything to you. Finding that someone that you can trust full heartedly is a task in itself. You let all your guard down when you are fully comfortable with an individual, hoping they are not judgmental about what they hear about your past and when you find the one that doesn’t perceive you how others may do, then you can realize that they won’t ask you to place your integrity into jeopardy and take your friends at face value, instead of placing them on the back burner. Lack of trust and communication can destroy friendships, families, marriages, jobs and romantic relationships; the things that people find to be the most important in their lives. Without trust in a friend, you will feel like they are just associates. Without trust in family, you will feel like an outsider when visiting for a family get-together. Lack of trust and communication in a marriage may result in a divorce. Lack of trust and communication in the job force could lead to unemployment or a death of a co-worker. Lack of communication in a romantic relationship could mean the end before it even began. Without knowing who you are as an individual, it may affect any type of relationship you have the desire for. With the understanding of your self-concept, you are able to appreciate yourself, how your partner sees you and vice versa; however, the opinion of how others see you may affect how you see yourself. There is nothing more appreciative then someone who is confident with who they are, as long as it does not come across as cocky. When an individual realizes who they are in this life, or who they want to be, it can be the driving force of their happiness, and happiness can be contagious. According to a quote in our textbook written by Sole (2011), â€Å"Your self-concept is learned, it is organized, it is dynamic and it is changeable (Purky, 1988).† Self-concept has been part of us since we were born; we were taught to respect ourselves and respect those that are older. It’s organized due to the understanding of how we approach who we want to be. Dynamic for the impact of how our own self-concept can change other’s opinions of themselves and of us and changeable because we simply don’t know what tomorrow will bring to our lives or take away. The environment that you decide to place yourself in is going to affect you as an individual. It will help mold you into the person you feel you are, build your self-esteem and self-image; you are interchangeable to provide adaption. Wherever and however you grew up in society does not mean you have to be the same later in life. Placing yourself in an environment that makes you happy, regardless if it’s your home or occupation, is going to affect who you are going turn out to be. It will assist you in some way of how you mold your life, but it’s up to you in how you end up getting molded. Having a high self-esteem can be the driving force of how you want the world to see you, and as a couple, having self-esteem as a unit is going to be how other couples want to be you. Self-image is the appreciation of yourself, how you carry your knowledge, confidence and maturity. Self-image is the impact of how others may see you, want to be you or feel threaten by you. Having a self-image that is threatening towards others can be the cause of many individuals not having the desire to converse with you, let alone be friends with you. The abilities we have to change assist us with any environmental adaption we may come across in our lifetime. We never know what type of situations we may be in five minutes from bow, but our self-esteem and self-image could mean the difference of how the circumstances may play out. Regardless, it’s how you want to see yourself and how you project yourself to the world. Even with the input of your partner, your family and friends, you are the one responsible for you; therefore, you need to figure out what makes you happy, take their opinions with a grain of salt and that you will change only when you feel it fits the situation. Making changes to your appearance, the way you talk or how you spend your time or money to impress someone isn’t going to win them over; therefore, you are making yourself miserable in the process when you can’t be your true self. When someone can’t accept you for who you are, what you do or how you act as a human being, that relationship may need reevaluated. When a family member or friend can’t understand why you behave the way you do, or come across as outspoken and confident, sit down and explain to them why you feel that certain way about the topic. Losing a family member or a dear friend over a few choice words or lack of understanding can be heart wrenching, so keep all forms of communication open without losing yourself in the mix of it all. Self-disclosure of each individual in a relationship, especially with your significant other, will help you reinforce what you thought about who you are as a couple and as yourself. Self-disclosure about what happened to you in your past that made you who you are today can be the most significant information to your partner, and have a better outcome then what you expected. How you want to purse a college degree, where you want to visit in the world or how many kids you want (adopted, fostered or natural) is some of the insight people are looking for when they decide to enter into a relationship. Holding back about how you may feel about situations that arise can be the uttermost biggest mistake when looking at any relationship you are trying to have in your life. Research study in 2010 by BMC Medical Research methodology found that â€Å"readiness for self-disclosure† was associated with higher relationship quality. Being able to disclose yourself by sharing your fears, doubts, private thoughts and how you perceive yourself can and will impact your relationship to the fullest extent. Who wouldn’t want someone to cling to when you come upon a fear? Nothing is better than having the comfort of someone’s arms around you when you need it most. To provide you words of encouragement when you start doubting yourself? Simply words can make the biggest impact when you feel that regardless of what you do, you are going to fail. Share your private thoughts with and knowing that they won’t be divulged regardless of the circumstances? Having that person you can tell any secret to, and know that it won’t be told, even under the worst circumstances, is one reason people have best friends from such a young age. Without self-disclosure, no one really knows who they are keeping company with or who they are. It’s the difference between a fake individual and a real friend. Without divulging information and hiding how you feel about any situation with your partner can be seen as breaking the trust in which your relationship was built, showing no care of how the other may feel and showing the lack of communication that could be built. Who would want to be with someone who simply broke your trust on a daily basis or showed the lack of caring about what you were discussing? I have found myself in these circumstances throughout my life. I have had a family member break my trust, communicated the most horrible words that could be spoken to a child and since have not communicated any words with that individual in over eighteen years. I have had the best partner in the world, who did everything in his power to bring a smile to my face, showed when I least expected it and showered me with hugs and kisses. He took his time to leave me notes on my door, made dinner arrangements at the weirdest locations and made the most beautiful impact in my life that I have actually compared others to him upon his death. I have raised a child that doesn’t communicate at all with his father, who doesn’t take the time to call his son or write a letter. Instead my child has the pleasure of communicating with his dad’s ex-girlfriend, has extended family that is not blood reach out to him and has realized at a tender age of eleven that not everyone is who they say they are or will be. He is lucky to have numerous people in his life that want to be a part of it. I have learned to remove myself from environments that impact my moods and attitude, learned to step back and appreciate my friends (regardless how few) and my family and come to realize that if a person doesn’t like me for being me, they don’t deserve to be part of my life or my children’s lives. May people have asked me why I have disconnected myself from so many, besides those that I work with, and I have come to explain to them that there is enough stress, unwanted drama in this world that I don’t want it in mine, and if they can respect that, they are more than welcome to remain in my life. I am trying to show my children that communication is a two way street, just like respect, and that both is needed to make our world a better place. There is no need to speak negatively about anyone they don’t know or towards one another, that action does speak louder than words at times and that regardless of any situation that they may come upon, I will be there. Enlightenment of any aspect of a relationship, regardless of if it’s with yourself or your significant other, can benefit either party with the knowledge that they may have been seeking or possibly feared. It’s about having the confidence of communication and understanding between two individuals that influences the lasting years between couples. â€Å"Love is to trust, hope and endure whatever may come (Bible).† References: Bible Heathfiled, Susan M. (2013). Listen with Your Eyes. Tips for Understanding Nonverbal Communication. Retrieved from: http://humanresources.about.com/od/interpersonalcommunicatio1/a/nonverbal_com.htm Russell, Nan (2006). Six Tips for Trust-Enhancing Communication. Retrieved from: http://www.jobbankusa.com/CareerArticles/Executive/ca111506b.html Schoenberg, Nara (2011, Jan). Can We Talk? Researcher Talks about the Role of Communication in Happy Marriages. Retrieved from: http://search.proquest.com.proxy-library.ashford.edu/docview/840600645/fulltext/13CBA1F7DFE34D3C383/1?accountid=32521 Skillsyouneed.com.uk. Barriers to Effective Communication. Retrieved from: http://www.skillsyouneed.co.uk/IPS/Barriers_Communication.html Sole, K. (2011). Making Connections: Understanding Interpersonal Communications. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.